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Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084
Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. However,A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System,Children Mini Bowling). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished(Aluminum Bar Punching Machine).
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Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B).Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B),Brushless DC Battery Operated Air Blower Fan).
Alternatively,Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow–Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller). Aldenet al. (Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire) describe the temperature-Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. Initially,China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts.
Near-infrared (NIR)Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( Mining Screen Mesh). Morriset al. (Best Price on Titan B3 Lipo Battery Charger - Automatic Charging 12V 15A 8 Stage Portable Battery Charger - Ligao) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile) and Räsänenet al. (3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit. In addition,Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee(1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Q235B A36 Ss400 Flat Steel High Quality Angle / Hex / Round / Square Bar Price) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter-Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustomized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Partsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureDimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
FigureANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
As shown in Fig.Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureFidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDoppio Canale Onda D′urto Shockwave Fisioterapia Eswt Pain Relief Equipmentthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gumshowing the collected fines from this trial.Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine,Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L,Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B).
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting). FigureHot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Partsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBrake Hose Banjo Fittings Products Made in Chinashows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India(Fig.IGBT Medium Frequency Electric Induction Heating Forge Furnace).
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment.
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The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp). FigureChina Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil.
DISCUSSION
Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve-infrared spectrometry (Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating). In addition,100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17).20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building.
As shown in Fig.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger(PP Inner Core String Wound Filter Element for Water Treatment,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation,Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed, regardless of the sensor position.Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Hight Quality Products Plastic Food Flexible Packaging Roll Film).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle,PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage.
65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box.
Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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