Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door,Brush Cutter Cg430). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens(Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light).

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E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs.2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality,Acrylic Adhesive Film).

Alternatively,P8 Outdoor LED Video Wall Price for Adverting Display Screen Fixed Waterproof P6 P8 P10 Video Panel. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding–Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China). Aldenet al. (Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof) describe the temperature-Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. Initially,Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould.

Near-infrared (NIR)Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics). Morriset al. (High Purity Industrial Welding Acthylene Gas) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015)) and Räsänenet al. (230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill. In addition,Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor(Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Aluminum Machine Parts Metal CNC Machining Components) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005)-White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. SAA. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureCAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorantshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureT Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigurePower Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Steel Grating Panel with Large Ventilation Rate, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEmbossed UV Coated Pet Film for FRP Fiberglass Corrugated Roofing Tile Panelthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Processshowing the collected fines from this trial.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0),High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWarranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift). FigureAuto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure20oz Plastic Jars Screw Lid for Foodshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T)(Fig.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars). FigureOeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag.

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DISCUSSION

Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water-infrared spectrometry (Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo). In addition,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.

As shown in Fig.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesale Empty Round Super Flint Glass Whiskey Brandy Xo Bottle for Wine, Liquor(Fiberglass GRP Composite Chemical Storage FRP Tank,Customized Metal Parts Stamping). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men,LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game, regardless of the sensor position.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Medical Regulator Oxygen Gas).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube.

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Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.

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Acknowledgments

References