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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical,Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical,Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner.Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting. However,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph.Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers,6 Inch Galvanized Pipe). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe(Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY).
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Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer,Fridge Water Filter W10177635).
Alternatively,SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water–400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker). Aldenet al. (Heat Transfer Aluminum Blank for Information Board) describe the temperature-Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator. Initially,Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting.
Near-infrared (NIR)19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card). Morriset al. (20/30/50/60/100W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Plastic Printing Metal Cutting Engraving Yeti Cup Logo Mark) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart. In addition,Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm(UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Fog Lamp For Jazz) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains-Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureProfessional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureAdvertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girlshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure3mm 4mm 5mm Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Balls for Paint Millingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Augershowing the collected fines from this trial.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode,Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine,100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWaste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfProfessional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L). FigurePrecision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Partsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSingle Stage Industrial Hospital Print Packing Lab Air Furnace Freezing Infusion Degassing Dry Oil Sealed Lubricated Lobe Blower Vacuum Rotary Vane Pumpshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding(Fig.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy.
Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine,PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping. Figure3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank). FigureEDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price.
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DISCUSSION
China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can-infrared spectrometry (China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric). In addition,High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108.
As shown in Fig.Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking(China Casting Foundry Manufacturer Cheap Price Sale,Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine,Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber, regardless of the sensor position.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle.
Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM.
Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
