Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp,Rr-50024 High Quality High Tonnage Double Ended Hydraulic Ran Cylinder). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray(Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot).

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Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground,Cnc Router Machine Woodworking).

Alternatively,High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet–Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack). Aldenet al. (Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream) describe the temperature-Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector. Initially,Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth.

Near-infrared (NIR)Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet). Morriset al. (Crystal Fake Tragus Studs) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer) and Räsänenet al. (Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). In addition,OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged(150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (168cm Full Silicone TPE Flat Chest Sex Doll for Male) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring-Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureFactory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureWholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureCustom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBox/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureEuropean Style PVC PU Synthetic Microfiber Leather for Sofa (HS-QF08)then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbowshowing the collected fines from this trial.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9,Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B),Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfImported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire). Figure Mining Screen Meshshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureInvestment Casting Injection Mould Making for Auto Productsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service(Fig.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis). FigurePrecision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts.

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DISCUSSION

Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee-infrared spectrometry (Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube). In addition,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345).

As shown in Fig.Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Different Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters(www.huafumelamine.com,Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant,Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder, regardless of the sensor position.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (m.ritecmachine.com).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting,Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules.

Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L.

Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape.

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Acknowledgments

References