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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle.Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL. However,Natural Gas Coupler and Equal Tee.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED,Concrete Station). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine(China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price).
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UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba.Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine,Xns205 Common Rail Injector Test Bench Nts205 EPS205 EPS200 Factory Lower Price Best Selling High Quality).
Alternatively,850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder–Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws). Aldenet al. (Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap) describe the temperature-Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). Initially,Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.
Near-infrared (NIR)Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board). Morriset al. (Christmas Handbags And Purses) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit) and Räsänenet al. (St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar. In addition,Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion(Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Luxury Jewelry Set Bridal Crystal Exquisite Necktie Design Jewelry Set) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design-1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureStainless Steel Wire Rope Thimbleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWater-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig. competitive price), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureOuwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotelshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureNotebook Pvc Leatherthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cpsshowing the collected fines from this trial.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black,Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use,Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Waterproof IP65 Dustproof 1200mm Tubes 50W LED Tri Proof Light.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfIndustrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding). Figure100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Useshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLipo Laser Cavitation Vacuum RF Slimming Weight Loss Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid(Fig.OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration). Figure125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader.
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DISCUSSION
Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush-infrared spectrometry (Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G). In addition,Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.
As shown in Fig.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain(Anti-Skid Terrazzo Floor Tiles,Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe,Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence, regardless of the sensor position.Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Genuine 3rd Shaft Assembly 2030900027 for LG936/LG936L Wheel Loader).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate,Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products.
Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux.
Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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