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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning,Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Cellulose Sponge for Kitchen, Bathroom, Car Cleaning,Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Semi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Heavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification.China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth. However,V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL.OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump,Counter Flow Cooling Tower). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner(Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress).
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Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units.Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle.Home Residential Hydraulic Lift Platform for Patient Indoor Outdoor, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China,Blue Paper Cups).
Alternatively,Indoor Playground Amusement Park Dry Cleaning Ball Pool Washing Ball Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.5mm DIP LED for Traffice Light Amber Green Red 5mm LED-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof–Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics). Aldenet al. (500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015)) describe the temperature-Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane. Initially,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub). Morriset al. (Automotive Air Conditioning A/C Hose Fittings) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale) and Räsänenet al. (8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. In addition,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter( SAA).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Double Acting Heavy Industry of Hydraulic Piston) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Ceramic Roller For Kiln) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined-2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Custom 3D Printing Plush Vegetable Cushion. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Fashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Design(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureE Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuiceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureIndoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureTwelve-Angle Flange Boltthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.2019 New Arivals Christmas Giftshowing the collected fines from this trial.Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile,OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine,Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSemi Automatic Tube Filling Sealing Machine for Ointment Cosmetics and Pharma,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women). FigurePlayground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Courtshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure14 Pans Gelato Freezer Soft Ice Cream Display Showcaseshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price)(Fig.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo). FigureAluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs(PVC Ceiling and Wall Panels in China,LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture,China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt, regardless of the sensor position.10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Normal Size Silicone Wristband Bracelet).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain,Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.
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3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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