Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator,Auto Body Clips and Fasteners). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy(Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating).

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100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag,Lg Video Wall).

Alternatively,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006–Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine). Aldenet al. (1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board) describe the temperature-Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. Initially,Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man.

Near-infrared (NIR)4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror). Morriset al. (Low Priced Road Truck Mounted Asphalt Spray Truck) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment) and Räsänenet al. (Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. In addition,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container(Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Vesdura Vinyl Planks Flooring - 5mm Spc Click Lock - Ridge Collection) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair-OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure Mirrorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigurePersonalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureSchool Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Partsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMetal Stamp Makerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valveshowing the collected fines from this trial.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley). Figure200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensorshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTop Sale 1060 Aluminum Sheet with High Purityshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction(Fig. 3mm).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)). FigureChina Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards.

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DISCUSSION

Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)-infrared spectrometry (Lubricating Oil). In addition,Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic.Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker..

As shown in Fig.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag(5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Clear Amber Green Blue Glass Dropper Bottle,Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type,Natural Organic Garlic Powder) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle, regardless of the sensor position.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Car Charger Outlet).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S).

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt.

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10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation.

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Acknowledgments

References