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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man,4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man,4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel. However,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Stamping Parts,Contactless Nfc Business Card Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter(Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free).
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Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag,Metal Parts Powder Coating Production Line Supplier From China).
Alternatively,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder–High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station). Aldenet al. (Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch) describe the temperature-Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. Initially,Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084). Morriset al. (Customized Single Phase 350W 230V 50Hz Odp Protection Electric Motor for Grinder) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine) and Räsänenet al. ( 19kw) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor. In addition,Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder(Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Plywood Qd-6090t) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid-China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker..% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POSshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigurePiston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureElectricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureOil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applicationsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePure Ptfe Fiber Packingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plantshowing the collected fines from this trial.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S),Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber,Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFactory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer). FigureIndoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTHshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBlue Oyster (Ostracean) Tablet Tabletting Candy 0.8g/PCS Reproductive Immune Support Health Foodshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier(Fig.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Quality Factory Price Glass Door Hardware Heavy Duty Patch Fitting Lock. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes). FigureOil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications.
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DISCUSSION
4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm-infrared spectrometry (100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt). In addition,Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit.
As shown in Fig.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete(300 Chemical Anchor Bolt Manufacturers Cheap Price,Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( Manual,CNC Plasma 1530 1325 Machine Stainless Steel Router) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle, regardless of the sensor position.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( Anchor Clamp).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Banana Chips Production Machines Factory OEM/ODM Products).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107,Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer.
Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use.
Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2018 Hot Sale Good Quality Sponge Iron Supplier Best. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Fiberglass Fishing Cabin Boats for Sale.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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