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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display,Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display,Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine.Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant. However,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill,Bird Feeder Hanging). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine(Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor).
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Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener.New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy.Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe,Stainless Steel Welded Steel Pipe / Seamless Steel Tube SS304 SS316 and Fitting Price).
Alternatively,PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle–Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine). Aldenet al. (High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special) describe the temperature-China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can. Initially,High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.
Near-infrared (NIR)Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control). Morriset al. (Forged Auto Stainless Steel Chain Precision Forging Product) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)) and Räsänenet al. (Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. In addition,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric(Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Auto Sealing And Shrink Wrap Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking-12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHandmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chainshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureChina Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabricshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureBonded PU PVC Synthetic Leather for Sofa (868#)then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Baseshowing the collected fines from this trial.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price,Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine,Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFood Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus). Figure Bathroomshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBaby Nylon/Pvc Rain Garmentshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh(Fig.Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage). FigureHot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence.
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DISCUSSION
Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge-infrared spectrometry (China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons). In addition,Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine.
As shown in Fig.Newest High Precision Digital Electronic Food Kitchen Weight Scale, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom(Luminous Powder Paint,Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light,Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool, regardless of the sensor position.1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Best Price Dental Mobile X-ray Scanner).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality,15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer.
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High Precision Human Body Scale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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