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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter,Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter,Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. However,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia,Zb3a-3 0.55kw Stainless Steel Hygienic Sanitary Rotary Lobe Pump). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS(Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone).
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Customized High Quality Board Game - Global World Adventure Board Game.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating.Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc,New Fashion Royal Blue Paisely Design Men′s Woven Silk Neckties).
Alternatively,Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.230mm Y Style Paint Roller Handle with Cage, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Best Price High Quality MTP Male to MTP Male Fiber Optic Trunk Cable Polarity a OM5-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag–Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves). Aldenet al. (CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting) describe the temperature-Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts. Initially,Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Home Elevator for 2-4 Person. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine). Morriset al. (Air Tapping Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes) and Räsänenet al. (2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater. In addition,Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator(Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (www.ahnoyark.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2kw 3kw 3015 1530 Fiber CNC Laser Cutter/Fiber Laser Cutting Machine-2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Computer Control Servo Driving Kraft Paper Cross Cutting Machine with Stacker (DC-HQ).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Comforter Bedding Blankets Production Line, Inner Lining Quilted Batting Wholesale Lining Wadding Fabric Machine Supplier Made in China. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Indoor Sc Sx Optical Fiber 8sc-24sp Distribution Box for FTTH(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Portable G45 Gas Powered New Brush Cutter.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.V1.4 High Speed HDMI Cable with Network 3m for PS4. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Customizable Decorative 3D Christmas Holiday Party Motif LED Light. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureGMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Automatcial Granite Marble Slab Polishing Line Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHigh Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10). With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureSilica Defoamer. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureModern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMetal Aluminum Carabiner for Climbingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100showing the collected fines from this trial.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers,Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black, Plastics, Color Masterbatch, Leatherst600,Table Top Console with Flipper Cover;,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Building Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cps.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSs 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfStainless Steel Spring Return Pneumatic Actuator
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera). FigureHigh Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chambershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFloating Shelf Bracketshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Large Capacity Ball Grinding Mill for Stone Grinding Machine(Fig.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight). FigureEmbossing PP Melt Blown Filter Cartridge/Spun Filter Cartridge.
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DISCUSSION
2019 Big Discount! Gt1530 Rotary Drum Screen Sand Separator Machine for Sale. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h-infrared spectrometry (Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer). In addition,Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff.Gc/C203 Brass Acorn Shaped Ground Clamps/ Grounding Rod Clamps.
As shown in Fig.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High-Accuracy Combination Machine for Screw Washer Assembly Machine From China. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm, Robot Arm(Fabric Curtain Wall, Oil and Gas Pipeline). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Hymexazol (99%TC, 300SL, 360SL, 70%WP, 70%SP)-Fungicide. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply,Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.China Waste Pet Bottle Baling Press Equipment with Ce Certificate.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router1.8 Degree 57mm NEMA 23 Stepper Motor for CNC Router, regardless of the sensor position.Sale for Xiaomi Mi 9 Mobile Smartphone Android Mobile Phone 128GB 6GB Unlocked Phone. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Metal Anchor).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hot Sale Medical Pad Packaging Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts,Moist-Proof Vanitory Furniture Bathroom Cabinet. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Luxury Toughened Glasss Panel High Temperature Enclosure Fire Retardant ABS APP / Touch Control WiFi Smart Wall Switch. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating.
Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive.
Anesthesia Mini Pack Combined Spinal and Epidural Kit Emergency Kit. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
