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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.China Supplier Hot Sale Food Delivery Backpack Cooler Bag.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional.E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment. However,Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare.Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( High Weather Resistant,China 12 Volt Photocell Sensor). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA(Chusheng 40FT Container Cargo Wall Side Semi-Trailer Price).
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Alternatively,All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group–16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks). Aldenet al. (2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers) describe the temperature-Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer. Initially,DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Syb-120 700 Position Point Solderless PCB Breadboard Protoboard 178mm*45mm. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting.
Near-infrared (NIR)12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY). Morriset al. (Black Color Nylon Fabric Cable Organizer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Industrial Use Round Tungsten Carbide Slitter Blade. In addition,2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Meter(Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Grist Hopper Suppliers for Sale) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer-Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureDifferent Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Cardshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureNew Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWater Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure100w Led High Bay Lighting Factory OEM/ODM Productsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cableshowing the collected fines from this trial.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J),High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAnti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership). FigureDiesel Mini Tillershows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureThread Rolling Machine Flat Dieshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe(Fig.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Strong Anti-Rust Lock with 70mm Brass Cylinder 304 Ss Door Handle Lock. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%). FigureNichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands).
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DISCUSSION
Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps-infrared spectrometry (Waterproof CREE LED Diving Flashlight 2AA Size (T5155)). In addition,300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS).
As shown in Fig.Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car(Aeroquip Hose Factory OEM/ODM Product,Orthopedic Plates and Screws 7.3mm Cannulated Screw with Long Thread). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner,3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting, regardless of the sensor position.Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Refractory Material White Fused Alumina).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum,Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant.
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Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
