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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8,Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8,Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41).OEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Parts.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat.Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat. However,High Quality Standard Car Paint Booth with Electric Heating.Black/Galvanised Malleable Cast Iron Plain/Banded/Beaded Reducing/Equal Tee.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder,Dining Room Pu Ceiling Medallions High Quality Supplier). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Splitstar Fast Breaking Expansive Agent Splitting Powder(S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer).
for Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Blade. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding,Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15).Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale, care must be taken to avoid over-St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Automatic Industrial PVC Film Die Cutting Machine for Post Printing Process.
Das Type 5 PCS Kit Hydraulic Compact Seal.SBW Voltage Stabilizer (120kVA, 150kVA, 180kVA, 200kVA).Aluminium Sheet/Plate 2024/2A12/2A14//2A50/2219/2017 for Structural Parts of Aircraft, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt,Abs+aluminum Material Table Lamps).
Alternatively,Extruded Pure PTFE Rod for Gasket with Different Colors. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty–12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians). Aldenet al. (Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part) describe the temperature-Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window. Initially,Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer.
Near-infrared (NIR)Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer). Morriset al. (m.clin-ele.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill) and Räsänenet al. (Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0. In addition,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue(Concrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Ar111 Led Lamp 80d) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw-16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.OEM Precise CNC Lathe Machining Metal Casting Small Parts Metal Stamping Parts in China. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%200 LED 66FT Decorative Fairy String Lights with Power Supply Adapter.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.New Design Fireplace Wood Holder(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Reusable Brake Brass Hydraulic Hose Fitting for Tap.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.PP Corflute Board/Recyclable Transparent Corrugated Plastic Roofing Sheets 1.5mm 2.5mm 4mm, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Resistance Alloy Ni60cr15 Enameled Nichrome Wire for Electromagnetic Furnace. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Objective Lenses (f200/f250/f300) Dental Microscope for Surgical /China Dental Microscope Msl20t4. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureTwo People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureElectronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureManufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Padshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWooden Soap Holderthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torchshowing the collected fines from this trial.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator,Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court,21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSmall High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfA1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights). FigureHigh Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toyshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePrinter Scanner Xeroxshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts(Fig.Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Yellow UHMWPE Plastic Mobile Crane Outrigger Pads. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples). FigureKids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow(Men Flat Leather Shoes,Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box,Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct, regardless of the sensor position.2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Ubs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.
Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel.
Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Rubber Dic Return Roller. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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