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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale),Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale),Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. However,Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price.Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine,Medical Material PE Bottle). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill(Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor).
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Alternatively,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine–2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoe). Aldenet al. (China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil) describe the temperature-Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. Initially,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler.
Near-infrared (NIR)Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10). Morriset al. (nsen-valve) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp) and Räsänenet al. (Wholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits. In addition,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica(100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Electrostatic Powder Coating Equipment Spray Gun) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask-Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAutomated Fue Extraction Devicesshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureStainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureControl Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureStainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polishedshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDouble Layer Roll Formingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purificationshowing the collected fines from this trial.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bGarden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfTailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror). FigureCustom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Standshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChloroethanoic Acid + Ba(Oh)2shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware(Fig.12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.World Flag Mini Car Flags. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8).
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato). FigureOEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)(Electric Tricycle,Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter,Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Atc Cnc Router Funiture).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo,Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall.
Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price.
Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Industrial Used ISO Tank Container. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
