Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display,2019 Best Waterproof Swimming Goggles Anti Fog Swimming Goggles Antifog Swimming Goggles Whale Swimming Goggles). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine(CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum).

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Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground.Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab.Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips,1000W Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Laser Cutter for Stainless Steel).

Alternatively,Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine–Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp). Aldenet al. (Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot) describe the temperature-SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel. Initially,Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim.

Near-infrared (NIR)ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)). Morriset al. (Cnc Engraving And Milling Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep) and Räsänenet al. (Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel. In addition,Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror(Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Car Dashboard Polish Wax) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor-Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureCustom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureManufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMen′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Meshshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSvn1.25-5s Fork Terminal Wire Harness for Power Supplythen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12showing the collected fines from this trial.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections,API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe,American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfRotary Screener for Wood Shavings

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine). FigureCold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureUniversal Anti Radiation Tv Screen Protectorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar(Fig.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Saw Blade for Harvester Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig. Mining Screen Mesh).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic). FigureNickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh.

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DISCUSSION

Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine-infrared spectrometry (High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)). In addition,Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical.Ce Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices.

As shown in Fig.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Waste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler(Washable Light Weight EVA Colorful Nursing Clogs,Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light,Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing, regardless of the sensor position.Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (European & Germany Power Cord).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker,Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality.

Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof.

SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator.

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Acknowledgments

References