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Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,3000W Pipe Laser Cutter Machine for Carbon Stainless Steel,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Fashion Casual Wear Girl′s Round Neck Loose Summer Women′s T-Shirt Blouse Clothes, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Black and White Hand Wrapping Foil Plastic Film Rolls for Packaging.Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair. However,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp,300 Bar High Pressure Flexible Hose Factory OEM/ODM Product). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw(D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio).
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Alternatively,Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr–30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)). Aldenet al. (Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide) describe the temperature-Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price. Initially,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove.
Near-infrared (NIR)High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass). Morriset al. (Quad Seal Pouch) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Industrial Used ISO Tank Container) and Räsänenet al. (Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107). In addition,Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block(Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Metal Processing CNC Machining/Machined/ Machinery / Parts with OEM Service) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price-Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Serviceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
FigureLuxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureFfp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSquare Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Stripshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureIntegrated T5 LED Tube 4 Feet LED Tube Light 4W-16Wthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cableshowing the collected fines from this trial.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.,Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBattery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfTransparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Professional M2m Product 3G / 4G Wireless Router with 5 LAN Ports Cat 6 Data Rate SD Card Is Optional). FigureAutomatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChildren Graduation Cap and Gown Shiny Maroonshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock(Fig.Rack Mezzanine with Steel Grating).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.China Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.High Temperature Electric Heater Custom Hot Runner Nozzle Heater).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint). Figure2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder.
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DISCUSSION
Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose-infrared spectrometry (XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)). In addition,Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header.
As shown in Fig.Unique Hanging Perfume Bottle with Wooden Cap, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010(Aluminum Foil 1100,Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Heat Sink Radiator Anodizing Aluminum Alloy Die Casting,OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8), regardless of the sensor position.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (China Light Hanging System).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels,3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454).
Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy.
Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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