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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate,WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,1t-10t Mineral Water Bottling Treatment Plant with Ce Certificate,WiFi Flat Antenna, T-Type Antenna with SMA
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Industrial AC POWER Air Compressor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Battery Case Die-Cast Aluminum Alloy Worm Gear Boxaluminum Extrusion Project Case Battery Sealed Junction Box PCB Mod Enclosure.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers.3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line. However,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution,6ft Led Tube). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor(Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine).
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Alternatively,Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve–Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room). Aldenet al. (Fan Coil Filters) describe the temperature-Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel. Initially,Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146). As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.
Near-infrared (NIR)Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price). Morriset al. (Cushions For Steamer Chairs) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V) and Räsänenet al. (New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder. In addition,Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can(Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( CNC Turning Parts) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Bamboo Wood Bathroom Bathtub Caddy Wooden Bath Caddy Tray) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid-Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J)(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWooden Student Chair Library Reading Chairshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHome Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureEasy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSingle Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Toolsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHoodiethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164showing the collected fines from this trial.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts,Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating,Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bAutomatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfTop Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS)
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba). FigureDirect Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Feshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure16mm Round Carbide Inserts For Ci3shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal(Fig.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee). FigureSelf Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal.
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DISCUSSION
Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Hot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price-infrared spectrometry (100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen). In addition,High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7).Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands.
As shown in Fig.2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant(Customized Walk-in Temperature and Humidity Climatic Chamber,Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
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The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure), regardless of the sensor position.OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts,PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.
OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.
A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
