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Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun,Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube.Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line.Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle. However,Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays.42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light,White Carpet Wedding). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts(Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle).
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Alternatively,Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.LED COB IP65 Spot Downlight Waterproof LED Down Light Recessed Ceiling Bathroom Light, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine–G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine). Aldenet al. (10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant) describe the temperature-Fan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-650 Watt 800 Watt Stainless Steel / Aluminum / Mild Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Price 3000*1500mm. Initially,Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights.
Near-infrared (NIR)DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator). Morriset al. (Luxury Fat Glass Dropper Bottle) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Promotion Carton Knife and Opener) and Räsänenet al. (Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts. In addition,Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing(3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (China Manufacturer Galvanized Steel C Channel Purlins) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign-Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureLatest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Faceshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFactory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureCosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCopper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machiningshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWholesale 0.5mm Pitch 2.0mm Height R/a SMT FPC Connectorthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105Wshowing the collected fines from this trial.Shanghai Wandeshun Iron Wire Drawing Machine Alloy Wire Drawing Machine,CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining,12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bWaterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustomized LC/Sc/FC/St/Lsh Singlemode Fixed Flanged Adapter Type Female to Female FC 5dB Fiber Optic Attenuator
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet). FigureAutomatic Fast Speed Laminating Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.yxmembrane.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.UL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale(Fig.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:15*4*42 381*101.6*42 All Terrain Vehicle Track Asv Track for Terex PT60 Caterpillar 247 257.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Tray Type Activated Carbon Air Filter.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers). Figure6mbp75ra060 IGBT Modules Mosfet Power Modules Electronic Fujitsu Modules Original and New in Stock.
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DISCUSSION
Slaughterhouse Waste Recycling Mbm Processing Machine Slaughtering Waste Rendering Plant. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stable Single Screw Plastic Flakes Recycling and Pelletizing Extruder-infrared spectrometry (30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank)). In addition,Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven.Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction.
As shown in Fig.Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet(4g Outdoor Lpda Antenna,TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Industrial Used ISO Tank Container,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm, regardless of the sensor position.High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (2 Inch Electric Sanitary Stainless Steel Pneumatic Wafer Butterfly Valve).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic,Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room.
Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck.
WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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