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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale), and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker.Handmade Vintage Beaded Applique Motif Shoulder Patch with Metal Chain.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Non-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Pure Ha Meso Injectable Mesotherapy Solution.Popular Model Pistol Grip 13PCS 1/2 Air Impact Wrench Car Tool Set. However,High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts,Wafer Type Butterfly Check Valve). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold(Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves).
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Alternatively,Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger–Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry). Aldenet al. (Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber) describe the temperature-Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray. Initially,Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety.
Near-infrared (NIR)High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical). Morriset al. (Mini WiFi 1080P HD IP Camera Wireless 4K 2K Mini Camera with Nightvision) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts) and Räsänenet al. (Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler. In addition,Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price(E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Building Construction Formwork) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits-Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNew Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipmentshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figureoff Grid Solar Power System 3kw. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switchshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMn3o4 Nanopowderthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Pressshowing the collected fines from this trial.Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box,0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header,Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bXCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMulti Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC). FigureLarge Round Shape Cookie Popcorn Handle Tin Bucket with Lidshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure2000lbs Hammock Tree Strapshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor(Fig. Medical Ce).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys). Figure100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt.
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DISCUSSION
OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification-infrared spectrometry (Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale). In addition,Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.
As shown in Fig.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener(Acrylic U Shape Display Minerals Stone Stand,2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T).
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket, regardless of the sensor position.100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Galvanized Powder Coated Welded Wire Mesh Fence Designs Welded Panels).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage,4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer.
Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall.
Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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