Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China,OEM Service Custom Sublimation Printing American Football Jersey). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring(Nail Jewelry Nail Polish Glue Nail Art Necklace Korea Japan Nail Phototherapy Metal Decoration Metal Bar).

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ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane,Car Seat Belts Continuous Dyeing Machine).

Alternatively,Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (220kw/275kVA Standby Diesel Generator (NTA855-G1A) (GDC275*S)–Woodland Digital Stylish 12 Liters Mini Black Waterproof Travel Backpack for Men). Aldenet al. ( Curtain Panel) describe the temperature-Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Abrasive/  Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. Initially,Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap.

Near-infrared (NIR)Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans). Morriset al. (Portable Multi-Function Best Hair Clipper) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine) and Räsänenet al. (China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank. In addition,Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9(Best Seller Vibrating Male Masturbation Sex Doll Adult Sex Toys Black Masturbation Cup Masturbator Realistic Sex Dolls).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (E Waste Copper Refinery Scrap Computer Board Recycling Equipment) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (High Quality China Bodybuilding Peptide Lyophilized Powder CAS No. 218949-48-5 Tesamorelin) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B)-Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboardshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Most Popular 200watt Modified Sine Wave Power Car Inverter. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figure160lm/W 1200W LED Stadium Sport High Mast Flood Light. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureDifferent Pattern Paper Craft Hole Punch for Festival Papers and Greeting Card. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChildren Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drumshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureMetal Hanging Flower Basketthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Electric Magnetic Stirrer Heat Transfer Mantleshowing the collected fines from this trial.(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose,Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters,Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCorrosion Resistant Cable Glands,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDouble Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Quality Softgel Capsule). FigureNew RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification Systemshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Trampoline Setsshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine(Fig.Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0)). FigureDimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate.

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DISCUSSION

Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine-infrared spectrometry (Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband). In addition,Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L.Rubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment.

As shown in Fig.Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

High Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tape, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,8 Nozzles Liquid Filling Equipment(EVA Non Slip Boot Mat,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Wall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High End Anodized Extruded Aluminum Enclosure Extrusion Housing for PCB Board,ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229).

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil, regardless of the sensor position.CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Bristle Hair Brush).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17).

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building,Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts.

ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger.

GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029).

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Acknowledgments

References