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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding,Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding,Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping.EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties.China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium. However,Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream,Motorized Fisher 7600 Butterfly Valve). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case(Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet).
2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer).Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric, care must be taken to avoid over-Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers.
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Alternatively,Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag–Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined). Aldenet al. (Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh) describe the temperature-OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic. Initially,Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2).
Near-infrared (NIR)Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12). Morriset al. (10 Inch Pcd Saw Blade) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System) and Räsänenet al. (Aluminum Bar Punching Machine) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag. In addition,Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel(Cold Rolled Stainless Steel 304 Tubes Hollow Pipe).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (2019 Best Waterproof Swimming Goggles Anti Fog Swimming Goggles Antifog Swimming Goggles Whale Swimming Goggles) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt-Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H).% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePortable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Strollershows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureRound Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureElectric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plasticshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCnc Engraving And Milling Machinethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108showing the collected fines from this trial.Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt,Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose,Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bNew Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light). FigureCustomized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Partsshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCar Dashboard Polish Waxshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines(Fig.High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts). FigureHigh Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board.
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DISCUSSION
Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging-infrared spectrometry (Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator). In addition,High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer.
As shown in Fig.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Precision Human Body Scale. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips(Universal Anti Radiation Tv Screen Protector,OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Creative Mini Portable Polar Bear Shape Mute Desktop Air Humidifier,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband, regardless of the sensor position.2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Laser Fiber Cutting Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker,Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing.
Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table.
2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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