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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape,High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,510 Plus Key Press Battery & USB Preheat Vape Pen Batteries 180mAh 510 Thread Battery Three Levels Variable Voltage for Cbd Thc Vape,High Quality Agriculture Water Irrigation Plastic Impact Sprinklers
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Wholesale Cheap Price Pumpkin Seeds Kernels in Good Quality, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber.Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,New Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use.Exercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat. However,High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment,Zirconia Ball Mill Grinding Media). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia(Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting).
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Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires.Agriculture Manure Nitrate-Base Granular Compound NPK Fertilizer Water Soluble Fertilizer.Sany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale,PVC Coated Galvanized Concertina Razor Wire Fence for Security Fence).
Alternatively,Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid– Mirror). Aldenet al. (4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve) describe the temperature-Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap. Initially,Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler.
Near-infrared (NIR)Automated Fue Extraction Devices, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine). Morriset al. (China Pure Snow White Marble Tiles for Inner Flooring) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can) and Räsänenet al. (Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer. In addition,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery(Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Antique Powder Coating) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net-Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.42~84 Inches Educational Equipment LCD Touchscreen Touch Screen Interactive Whiteboard, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure1000W 1500W High Precision Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Sheet Metal for Aluminium Stainless Steel Plates and Tubes. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureProfessional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Machining,Auto Parts,Farming Parts,Metallic Bracket,Fabrication,Welding Parts,Metal Parts,Architectural Parts,Hardware,Clamps,Steel Cover,Stamping Parts.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureDrum Lifter And Tilterthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Lightshowing the collected fines from this trial.Issc Bluetooth Module for Bluetooth Headset Wireless Headphone,2019 New Arivals Christmas Gift,Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould). Figure100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureElectronics PCB Boardshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception(Fig.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Natural Organic Garlic Powder).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Big Size Plastic Plant Hanging Pots/Hanging Flower Pot.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet). FigureFan Capacitor 2UF Cbb61 Metallic Polypropylene Film Capacitor 450V.
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DISCUSSION
Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Dehydrated Garlic Powder in Bulk at Wholesale Price-infrared spectrometry (White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives). In addition,High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights.DIN Rail Mounting Double Layer Terminal Block with Ce RoHS (LUKK5).
As shown in Fig.WiFi Flat Antenna, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Grinding Casting Ball/Grinding Media Ball for Mineral Processing. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.LED Light 3D Custom Acrylic Car Sign. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Disposible Adjustable Adult Child Medial Oxygen Venturi Mask, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Petroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hose(Hydraulic Tee Beveling Machine,Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Vertical Liquid Reciever for Refrigeration Units (ZRLC-644). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres, regardless of the sensor position.LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.AC Socket 3 Pin C14 Female Mounting Power AC Socket with Switch Hole: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Professional Cardboard Paper Jewelry Gift Packaging Box for Wedding. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Environmental Friendly Urban Waste/Life Garbage Recycling Pyrolysis Machine).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red, Yellow, Green.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Fan Assisted Cooling Single Door Beverage Display Chiller,Modern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Table. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Plastic Injection Mold Sleeve Precision HSS Ejector Sleeves.
PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructions. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Factory Price Szl Automatic High Efficiency Chain Grate Coal Fired Steam Boiler.
Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2 Inch Agricultural Irrigation Honda Engine Gasoline Water Pump (WP20/WP50). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-12124075 Brass Crimp Termian of Assembly Auto Delphi Wire Harness.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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