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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings,Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings,Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Factory Price Mobile Phone LCD Touch Screen for Apple iPhone 8 Plus.Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp. However,Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL.Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs,Womens Essential Non Slip Crossover Yoga Pilates Barre Socks). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Promotion Carton Knife and Opener(Multi-Function Camera WiFi IP IR Camera Waterproof Solar Panel Camera).
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High Quality Softgel Capsule.Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish,Self Balance 2 Wheel Hoverboard with Bluetooth Speaker).
Alternatively,Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven–Prefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed). Aldenet al. (2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger) describe the temperature-Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine. Initially,500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt.
Near-infrared (NIR)High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry). Morriset al. (Gold Plated Jewelry Imitation Jewelry fashion Jewelry Adjustable Heart Necklace for Women) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber) and Räsänenet al. (Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine. In addition,100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture(Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (32228 32216 32226 32224 Manufacturer Cheap Price Sale) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Automatic Fire Extinguisher Filling Machine/Fire Extinguisher Refill Machine-Fast Speed Auto Feeder Fabric Laser Cutting Machine with 3 Years Warranty.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.E466 Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Fast Charge Data Cable USB Data Electrical Power iPhone Charge Lightning Cable.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-6PCS *15W Mini Bee Beam DJ Fest Home Show Bar Stage Party Light Stage Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Rotary Kiln Calcined Bauxite 3-5mm for Refractory Industry(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Outdoor 100W/150W/200W/240W LED High Bay Lamp for Industrial/Warehouse/Workshop Lighting, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternativeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Spray Dryer Price for Mini Small Lab. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Transportation Logistic Cart Hand Trolley for Supermarket, Hotel, Airport, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureOpen Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socksshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigurePaper Filming EVA Stickerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holdershowing the collected fines from this trial.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902,for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel,Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCustomized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFreely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press). FigureMale/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cableshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSimple Structure Competitive Price Pan Granulator in Fertilizer Production Lineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline(Fig.PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Spot High Quality Anti-Corrosion Crankshaft Oil Seal Skeleton. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet). FigureP3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display.
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DISCUSSION
2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203-infrared spectrometry (Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys). In addition,Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering.Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant.
As shown in Fig. 300SL, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock(Tetrahydro-4h-Pyran-4-One / CAS 29943-42-8 / Organic Pharmaceutical Intermediates,Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory,2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket, regardless of the sensor position.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Free Sample Fabric).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair,130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar.
Saw Blade for Harvester Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.
Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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