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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping,Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping,Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter. However,Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Outdoor 500ml Plastic Sport Shaker Water Bottle for Protein (HDP-0345),Home Use Portable Handheld Radar Face Lifting Beauty Equipment). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery(API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe).
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Alternatively,Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil–a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price). Aldenet al. (Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler) describe the temperature-Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. Initially,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair.
Near-infrared (NIR)Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man). Morriset al. (Yellow Acrylic Tape) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad) and Räsänenet al. (High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. In addition,Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower(2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Industrial Pipe Fittings) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO-Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureChina Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playgroundshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureStainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHandy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.madcmotor.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mouldshowing the collected fines from this trial.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe,steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bManufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCrucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine). FigureMelee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEMshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFarm Gate Hinges Heavy Dutyshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window(Fig.OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.China Manufacturer Direct Sale 4L Small Oxygen Cylinder. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205). Figure10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.
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DISCUSSION
MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric-infrared spectrometry (RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine). In addition,Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture.
As shown in Fig.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price(Keep Vegetable and Fruit Fresh Vacuum Cooler,FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag,0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special, regardless of the sensor position.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Infitech Open Front / Open Face Industrial Furniture Water Wash Spray Booth / Paint Booth).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine,FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Qt15-15 High Quality Automatic Concerte Cement Hollow Brick Molding Forming Block Making Machine Price in Bangalore.
30kw Wind Turbine, 30kw Wind Mill. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.
Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,High Quality Soft Ice Cream Maker. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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Acknowledgments
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References
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