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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring,HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring,HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089.Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter. However,Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale.Horizontal Pearl Mills for Paint, Coating, Inks, Pigment Grinding.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Semi-Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine Prices for Kazakhstan/Tajikistan/Kyrgyzstan-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits,Cheap Hot Sale Top Quality DIY Sewing PU Leather Warm Steering Wheel Cover). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars(Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag).
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Alternatively,Multi-Colour Paper Straw Making Machine (PPZG-800). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Event Rental Stacking Tiffany Wedding Modern Clear Chiavari Chair-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror–Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment). Aldenet al. (Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting) describe the temperature-Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07. Initially,High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood, PVC, Metal. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw.
Near-infrared (NIR)Replacement OEM filter P527078 donaldson torit dust collector spare parts cartridges cement air filter for air purification system, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring). Morriset al. (Best Price Scrap Steel Induction Furnace) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net) and Räsänenet al. (All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer. In addition,Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire(Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( Mirror) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Germany Id Card Printing Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.XCMG Road Construction Machinery Xs203j 20ton Single Drum Price Road Roller Compactor Price (more models for sale)-Customized Embroidery High Quality Badge.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hot Sale Desenk Passenger Elevator with Cheap Price(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Smart WiFi Plug APP Control Universal Socket Yet6004wf.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.China Shandong Juxian Exported Disposable PE Glove. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Quality Low-Cost Ring Die Pig Feed Pellet Mill. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Canshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulleyshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureElectric Supply Cost-Effective Price Jdzw-10 (6) R Voltage Transformerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensorshowing the collected fines from this trial.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings,4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack,PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bLow Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfKitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception). FigureStainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorateshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBldc Motor For Refrigerator Wholesaler Quotes & PriceListshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter(Fig.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line). FigureNickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.
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DISCUSSION
Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask-infrared spectrometry (API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type). In addition,Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..
As shown in Fig.Natural Organic Garlic Powder, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock(Braiding Flexible Hose Suppliers/Manufacturers for Sale,Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb,G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts, regardless of the sensor position.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Special Purpose for High Pigment Carbon Black St600 St800 St100).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose,Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016.
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3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8).
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Acknowledgments
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References
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