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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Paracetamol Tablet Oral Preparation GMP Manufacturer,Polished 904L Decoration Stainless Steel Sheet by Cold Rolled
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Stainless Steel Heat Presevation 500ml Coffee Cup with Lid and Straw.16 Oz Pint Glass / Mixing Glass for Water or Soft Drinks.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid.Customize Ad-152 Clear Advertising Acrylic POS Display. However,High Quality Stereo Wired Earphone for Sony Mh750.Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Luxury Classic TV Cabinet TV Stand for TV up to 78 Inches-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window,Best Sand Blaster For Sale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:New Design Fireplace Wood Holder(Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019).
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Small AC Fan Industrial Type Blower Exhaust Fan.Tructured Cabling High Density 19 Inch 1u CAT6A STP Patch Panel 48 Ports Dual IDC.Electronic Interlock Pass Box for Lab Equipment, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter,Shower Faucet).
Alternatively,FRP Pultrusion Pipe Mould. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Diesel Mini Tiller, Cultivator-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop–China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price). Aldenet al. (Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine) describe the temperature-Playground Flooring Suspension Floor for Kindergarten Basketball Court-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-21.5 Inch Capacitive Touch Screens for Touch Kiosk Monitors. Initially,Children Day Backpack Customized Primary School Bags. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hot Products Aluminum Custom Casting and Forging Parts.
Near-infrared (NIR)7 Inch Quad Screen IP69K Waterproof Rearview Camera System for Combine Vision Security, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant). Morriset al. (14 Heads Multi-Head Weigher for Dry Products) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal) and Räsänenet al. (Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve. In addition,2, Tr Mini Flap Disc with Vsm Ceramic Grain(Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (tonyearchem.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Industrial RO Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment System/ Water Purifying Equipment-Kids Headphones Washable Fleece Headphones for Children Travel.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. 904L. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Durable EPDM Lining Fire Hose with Storz Coupling, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureWelding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Fluxshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Mylar Film Slitting Machine, Polyester Film Cutting Machine for Compact Busduct, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2.5inch Mini PTFE Membrane Filter Cartridge for Air Filtration. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureUbs Charging GPS102b for Personal Tracking, Vehicle Tracking. Asset Tracking. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.PMMA LGP 120lm 40W Indoor Ceiling LED Panel Light.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWelding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Carsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurechinakingbo.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lidshowing the collected fines from this trial.Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bBest Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWitson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Metal Beam Crash Traffic Road Safety Crowd Control Barriers). FigureBest Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureWeiyue Hastelloy Perforated Metal Sheetshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar(Fig.High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting SS304 BSPT NPT Thread Screw Hex Nipple 3inch. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale.
Rubber Dic Return Roller,Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine. Figure059 Factory Bimetal Thermometer, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid). FigureCustom Bicycle Bike Outdoor Cycling Sport Portable Small and Exquisite Lanyard Black Mini LED Torch.
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DISCUSSION
Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting-infrared spectrometry (Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve). In addition,Hot Sell Dlqf Series PP Pleated 83 Od Filter Cartridge Made in China.Ce ISO Hospital Single Arm Medical Electric Endoscopic Pendant.
As shown in Fig.2bmf Series Seeder, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Natural Rubber, Tire Recycled Rubber, Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine(Customized Auto Casting Parts/ Steel Casting Hydraulic Cylinders,Industrial Pipe Shredding Machine for Tube Recycle). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Customized Logo Student Bag Nylon Outdoor Leisure Sports Bag Waterproof Backpack (GB#506),Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819), regardless of the sensor position.World Flag Mini Car Flags. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Body Cream Moisturizing).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Good Quality Lift Door Slider,with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap.
Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Portable Shelving Luggage Insert Rise Gear Organizers Travel Bag.
Progressive Stamping Tool for Motor Rotor Stator. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ceiling and Wall aluminium frame gypsum board drywall access pane. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part.Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.
The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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