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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane,UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard.Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined. However,2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013).Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe,Mini Electronic Digital Pocket Weighing Scale). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Mini Displayport Male to HDMI Female with VGA Cable(Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer).
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API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer.CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Automatic Roofing Nail Making Machine in Nigeria,www.yasentag.com).
Alternatively,Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (ISO 7380 Hexagon Socket Button Head Machine Screw–PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer). Aldenet al. (Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction) describe the temperature-Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material. Initially,Weak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-OEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale.
Near-infrared (NIR)Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage). Morriset al. (Cable Roller High Quality Products) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee) and Räsänenet al. (EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill. In addition,250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price)(100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.hotonmc.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland-Digital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Industrial Pork Fascia Removing /Meat Processing Equipments.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Mini Digger Hot Sale in Australia(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Rainbow Rafting Fiberglass Aqua Water Park Slide.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.CNC Hot Wire 3D Foam Cutting Machine/Sponge Cutting/Basotect Cutting, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Quality CCCW Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Coating for Construction. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMachining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Processshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFuryu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePrefabricated Large Span Light Frame Corrugated Steel Shed. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureInboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Bladesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureGully And Well Cover With Two Platesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machiningshowing the collected fines from this trial.10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module,2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds,Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bSelf Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSmall Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging). FigureBitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in Chinashows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChopper Led Headlightshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100(Fig.Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Pneumatic Industrial Shock Absorbers for Pneumatic Mechanical Extraction Arm).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift). Figure3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass.
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DISCUSSION
Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete-infrared spectrometry (DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black). In addition,Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine.Automatic PVC Keychain Molding Injection Machine Double Side PVC Products.
As shown in Fig.EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Double Sided PCB for Hand-Held&Nbsp; Terminal. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Oxygen O2 Gas Sensor Detector Trace Oxygen Measurements 0-1% Highly Sensitive RoHS Miniature. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Mpp (CBB21/CBB22) Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitor (Coating) -224j630VDC-P=15(Common Rail Injector Tester,P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Hot Selling 2 USB Ports USB Chargers Accessories for Mobile Phone.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigarette, regardless of the sensor position.12′-26 Mountain Bicycle Tyre Bike Tire. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Quarry Scalping Rock Sieving Screen Mesh. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Pvc Electric Actuator Ball Valve).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Automatic 18L Olive Oil Square Tin Can Packing Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Tube Manufacturer (317L, 904L, 309S, 310S),Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.94V0 PCB for USB Flash Drive with Ce RoHS. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock.
Food Preservatives Sodium Benzoate High Quality Factory Supplier. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, Cutting, Polishing Stone.
600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Inboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-PVC Heat Stabilizer Zinc ACAC.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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