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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve,200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve,200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event.65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats.Standard Exported Package China Cheap CNC Milling Xk7125A. However,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape.F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws,Vegetable Fruit Hand Tying Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press(Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap).
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Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers.Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment,metal and non-metallic separator).
Alternatively,Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes–CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%). Aldenet al. (Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch) describe the temperature-Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Aluminium Alloy Industrial Profile for Door Frame. Initially,Metric to Male Flare Adapters M6*1.0. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Human Virgin Hair Extension Hair Bundle with Silky Straight.
Near-infrared (NIR)Modern LED Clip Desk Lamp, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)). Morriset al. (Picket Fence) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble) and Räsänenet al. (P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate. In addition,FTTH 16 Core Outdoor Terminal Box Fiber Optic Distribution Box(Air Conditioner Rubber Pads).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. ( competitive price)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Stainless Steel T-Head Bolts with Square Neck Head DIN186) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.TBR Customized Electrical Heating Glass Tempering Machine for Building Glass Architectural Glass Structural Glass-New 2019 Ce Certification Gantry Type Metal Laser Cutting Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%High Frequency Welding Melting Induction Heater/ Heating Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hot Dipped Galvanized Round Steel Pipe / Gi Pipe Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Galvanised Tube for Construction. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100). The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureBuilding Material Methyl Hydroxyethyl Cellulose with 160000-220000cpsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFood Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureGalvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureLm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWholesale Sports Sweat Headband 100% Cottonthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Customized Doube Stainless Steel Handmade Apron Kitchen Sinkshowing the collected fines from this trial.Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle,Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ,Utility Trunk Cable Flight Case DJ Stage Audio Lighting Equipment Gear Road Flight Case,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bStainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andf0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube). FigureSheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Qualityshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureDIN741 Wire Rope Clipshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Customized Silicone Rubber Plastic Injection Moulding Silicone Mobile Phone Case(Fig.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Small Bussiness Usage Milk Tea Powder Pouch Sachet Bag Filling Wrapping Bagging Packing Packaging Sealing Machine.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.a-Grade Cell Transparent 200W Mono Solar Panel with Best Price.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket). FigureYangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.
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DISCUSSION
Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer-infrared spectrometry (PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould). In addition,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel.
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling(New Style 100%Polyester Faux Silk Leopard Degital Print Fashion Scarves,Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow,Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag, regardless of the sensor position.3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Sliding Door Roller/POM Roller/Sliding Shower Door Roller. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Big Desk Light Shade Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Mud Pump Spare Parts/Crude Oil Drilling Machine /Bi-Metal Sleeve.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives,Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick.
Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps.
Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
