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Megan Bojarra
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Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,China High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Latest Sex Lady Doll Love Sex Face, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Buy 99% Ru58841 Powder Equol for Hair Growth.V-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PL.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,OEM Aluminum Air Oil Cooler Heat Exchanger Radiator Core.PVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wire. However,Automatic Leaf Spring Strength Shot Blasting Machine Manufacturers in India for Automobile Industry.Wholesale Fashionable Smooth Star Cosmetic Liquid Eyeliner.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (DIN916 Hexagonal Screw to Stopw with Yellow Black,China Anti Skid Film Faced Plywood/Wire Mesh Filmed Plywood/Non Slip Construction Formwork Ply). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL(EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine).
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Alternatively,Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Five Arms Used Zoomlion Qy50V 50 Ton Mobile Truck Crane, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.UHF Wireless Microphone Conference System Jm-900-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h–Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips). Aldenet al. (Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine) describe the temperature-Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Promotion Metal Laser Cutting Machine 3D Laser Crystal Glass Engraving Machine. Initially,850nm Telescopic Interactive Pointer IR Touch Pen for Portable Interactive Whiteboard. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Good Quality Tooth Extracting Forceps Dental Forceps with CE. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Low Ceiling Family Use 2 Post Double Deck Garage Tilting Type Parking Lifter.
Near-infrared (NIR)Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refined, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp). Morriset al. (Keco Shower Room Sliding Door Knob Handle Stainless Steel Round Door Handle) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot) and Räsänenet al. (Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.2018 New Arrival Custom Gold Plated Aluminum Material Special Award Trophy as Decoration (013). In addition,Bestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)(Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Improve Aerobic Fitness) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch-4 Sided 19 Inch Pyramid 3D Holographic Display Showcase.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%1.5m UV Printer Large Format Digital UV LED Flatbed Inkjet Printer.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Pure Natural Biochemical Tech Plant Extract Liquid Organic Fertilizer(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Waterproof & Stain Resistant Heather Dog Hammock and Pet Seat Cover, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Indoor Use PIR Motion Sensor LED Wall Night Light with Ce RoHS FCC. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureStainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Creamshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Peel and Stick Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl Flooring Tile for Building Material, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWeak Acid Dyes, Acid Red 18 for Textile. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureOEM Pump Impellers in Lost Wax /Investment/Precision Casting for Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wedding Jewelry Set, Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set, Factory Direct Wholesale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bagshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.szfanshitong.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Top Grade Wax Paraffin 100 Kg/Paraffin Wax Semi Refinedshowing the collected fines from this trial.Latest Technologysus304L Heat Exchanger Shell and Tube for Cooling Sea Water,10PCS/Box Sant Sdmt120412-Sm solid Carbide Milling Inserts CNC Cutting Mill Tools for Face Mill,250-1500kw Volvo Diesel Generator (Good quality, competitive price),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Water-Proof Nylon Cable Gland.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bChina High Quality Continuous Roller Pass Through Type Steel Shot Blasting Machine with Sand-Blasting Chamber,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfDigital Load Cell Transmitter 1~470t
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Factory Price Aluminium Sheet Used for Mould 2A12). FigureVertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing Systemshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChina Manufacturer 2-5mm PVC Free Foam Board for Sign and Printing PVC Boardshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.PVC Coated Fiberglass Window Mosquito Screen, 18X16, 120G/M2, Grey or Black(Fig.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Box/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Ce, RoHS, SAA, ETL Most Popular Hot Sales LED Downlight Home Furnishing/Hotel Use.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Aluminum Bar Punching Machine, Hydraulic Busbar Bending Processing Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile). FigureAmerican Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Cardboard Food Packaging Carton Box with Clear PVC Window. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Furyu Sleepy Cat with Wings Pillow Anime Cushion Nemuneko Plush. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Back Invisible Hunchback Orthopedic Strap/ Belt(Disposable Food Container Machine High Quality Supplier,High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,10g Bidi SFP+ Module Wdm 1270/1330nm LC 20km Dom Module. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light,Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.2019 Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Earphone Wireless I11 Tws Earbuds.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Clear Transparent Soft Clear PVC Sheet, regardless of the sensor position.High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Small Portable Submersible Water Air Cooler Pump for Fountain: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Intelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Countersink Magnet).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Clear Toughened Glass Pool Fence,Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-3/4 Inch 50mm Football Artificial Grass Turf Soccer Synthetic Grass.
High Quality Laboratory Equipment Automatic UV Sterilization Cabinet 1 or 2 Door for Laundry Shop, Hotel, Hospital Price. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Color Painted Aluminium Coil for Car License Plate.
Silicone Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Outdoor Expansion Joint for Concrete. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Pet/PP Rope Making Machine/String Weaving Machine. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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