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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box,Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Ml-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Witson Quad-Core Android 9.0 Car DVD GPS for Mazda 3 2010-2011 Bluetooth OBD2 Connection.Pet Accessories Pet Collar Triangular Bandage Small Pet Neck Collar.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel.Garden Four Seasons God Marble Statues for Sale. However,Rubber Dic Return Roller.Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing Machine.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale,Light Speaker). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Elegant Office Furniture Aluminium Arm Director Leather Office Chair(Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD).
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Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line.Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet.Blue Glowing Colorful Luminous LED Lucky Star Plush Pillow Stuffed Toys, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price,Liner Fluting Corrugated Kraft Packing Carton Cardboard Tissue Toilet Napkin Bethroom Paper Making Machine).
Alternatively,Industrial Laser Cutting Machine Metal CNC Laser Cutting Machine Optical Fiber Laser Engraving Machine. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Water Tube Duel Electric and Diesel Fired Steam Boiler-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed–Automotive Speakers Snial Horn for Cars). Aldenet al. (Professional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting) describe the temperature-Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-World Flag Mini Car Flags. Initially,Car LED Reverse Parking Sensors. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Automatic Vertical 10heads Weighting and Packing Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Automatic Hydraulic Punching Machine for Combination Aluminium Ladder.
Near-infrared (NIR)Good Quality Lift Door Slider, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo). Morriset al. (Steel or Iron Stainless Window Hardware Door Bearing Furniture Hinge (4′′X3′′)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (CNC Machining Dam-Board ABS Plastic Fence for Garden) and Räsänenet al. (Customized Metal Parts Stamping) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.with Master Key and Core Removeable Key Cam Cabinet Lock. In addition,UV Laser Marking Machine with Ce FDA(Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (LED Arena Light Flood Lighting Soccer Field Stadium Sports Court Light with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (fupitc.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Shuttering Plywood Brown Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork Cheap-Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Cheap Modern Free Design Non-Woven Vinyl Wallpaper Manufacture. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Oilfield Casing Pipes/Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Oil Well Drilling Tubing Pipe(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,100 Yards Hair Removal Non-Woven Paper Waxing Roll.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.ISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrode, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lock. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-for Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassis. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureKampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Focusun Brine Water Block Ice Machine with Container3 Tons. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet for Steel Structure, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureTop Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure4 in 1 Cryolipolysis Machine Fat Freezing Body Slimming Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Portable Diode Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation IPL Beauty Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2017-2020 China PU Shoe Cover Machine for Italy Shoeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFlour Tortilla Maker Machine For Homethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coilshowing the collected fines from this trial.4G WiFi GPS Industrial Antenna,RO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machine,200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bMl-1800 Hand Feed Carton and Paper Die Punching & Creasing System for Boxes Machine,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfNatural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp). FigureWholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Lightshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure8oz Amber Glass Cream Jarshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materials(Fig.100W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price List).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Automated Fue Extraction Devices. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.CNC Professional High Speed Precision Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Ipg Laser Source for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask). FigureWholesales Indoor LED Lighting COB Recessed Aluminum 6W IP44 Down Light.
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DISCUSSION
OEM/ODM Factory JIS-10K Cast Iron Ball Valve. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-200 Ton H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine for Solid Forklift Tyre-infrared spectrometry (Small Gas Resistance Air Freshener and Gas Mask Coal Based Activated Carbon for Toxic Gas Purification). In addition,Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min.Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay.
As shown in Fig.Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010), the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,65ml Square Glass Jar with Lug Cap for Food Packing. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Outdoor Horse Rubber Paver Mats. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Different Lenght and Different Width Acrylic BOPP Packaging Tape(CNC Turning Products/ CNC Service / Metal Lathe / CNC Part Price / OEM Machining / Precision Auto Part /CNC Machining Part/CNC Precision Machining Part,Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand,12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.MDF 100W Sheet Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Anti-Ultraviolet Flex Banner of Clod Laminated Frontlit, regardless of the sensor position.Economic Mechanical CNC Punching Machine/CNC Turret Punch Press. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.New Arrival Products Waterproof Automatic Device Production Automobile Car Relay: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Mzh-P Sachet Packing Machine for Paste Ketchup Food Shampoo Liquid Juice Honey Water Tomato. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (2.4 Inch 108 Degree Lens Infrared Thermal Waterproof Trail Hunting Camera).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Glass Class Silica Sand Washing Plant for Sale.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.White Lacquer MFC Modular Kitchen Units in Guangzhou,Ductile Iron Grooved Fitting Grooved Elbow. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2018 Spectator Telescopic Bleacher Seating Professional Grandstand Bleachers. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags.
Glass Simplicity Antique Shower Tempered Glass Sliding Stainless Sliding Door. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Ce Hho 6.0 High Pressure Car Cleaning Machine.
22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Beauty Cellulite Reducing Cavitation Machine Fg660L-002 ADSS Grupo. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
