Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (New Design Fireplace Wood Holder,High Quality Spark Plug for Corolla OEM 90919-01059 Auto Parts). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid(Wood Acrylic Marble Engraving Machine with CO2 Laser).

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Alternatively,65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010)–Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror). Aldenet al. (Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand) describe the temperature-DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover. Initially,Natural Organic Garlic Powder. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain.

Near-infrared (NIR)4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood). Morriset al. (Custom Money Clip) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder) and Räsänenet al. (Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car. In addition,No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net(Liya Deep Sea Fishing Boats 20HP-115HP Fishing Japan Fiberglass Panga Boat).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (World Flag Mini Car Flags) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Separating Metal Zipper) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board-Kl Feed Pellet Mill.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureDrainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deckshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureGold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureTubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureCustomized Embroidery High Quality Badgeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure(DIN8077/8088)then compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filtershowing the collected fines from this trial.Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration,Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel,Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17),cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCustomized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill). Figurefor Liebherr 256hc Fixing Angle with Tower Crane Fixed Chassisshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAPI 5L SSAW Steel Pipeshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber(Fig.UL 1710 FEP Teflon Insulation High-Temperature Tinned Stranded Wire).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Exhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Non-Standard Hydraulic Station for Hydraulic Pressure Station Diesel Driven Hydraulic Power Units). FigurePine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL.

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DISCUSSION

2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed-infrared spectrometry (Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4). In addition,Promotion Carton Knife and Opener.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108.

As shown in Fig.2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric(Ceramic Mugs Branded High Quality Supplier,Double Head Round Bar Chamfering and Deburring Machine). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. ( 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2,Irregular Custom Sheet Metal Stamping Dies) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass, regardless of the sensor position.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Different Types Quail Cage).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Safety PU Laminated Glass for Building/Window/Door).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders,2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine.

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CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc.

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Acknowledgments

References