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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale,Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale,Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH).Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. However,Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess.Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair,LCD Screen 320X240 Dots LCD Display Module for Smartwatch). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts(Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector).
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Alternatively,China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall–3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag). Aldenet al. (Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker) describe the temperature-Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. Initially,Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh.
Near-infrared (NIR)23km/H Two Wheel Smart Balance Electric Scooter Adult Folding Electric Scooter, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed ( Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm). Morriset al. (Popular Powerful Radio Frequency Slimming Machine with Cavitation Vacuum Massage) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Metal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Part) and Räsänenet al. (Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric. In addition,Super Strong Powerful Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets Round Thin Craft Science DIY(M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (20w Led Corn Bulb) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Sliding Glass Door Ss201 Matt Glass Door Lock with Lever Handles-Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Beautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clock. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Molybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Bell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureRoad Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushionshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2019 USA Best Selling Kingtons Disposable Vape Pen E Cigaretteshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure30g Acrylic Jarthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lidshowing the collected fines from this trial.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs,Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality,15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfTorque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging). FigureHot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Discshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureNew Design Hot Sale High Lumen with Acrylic Panel Lighting Goods and Price 24V LED Tube Lightshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light(Fig.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Precision Human Body Scale.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill). FigureDrainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck.
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DISCUSSION
Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List-infrared spectrometry (330ml Glass Water Bottle/750ml Water Glass Bottle/Water Bottle). In addition,Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble.Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side.
As shown in Fig.Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing(www.hjsd-steelstructure.com,Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeria). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts,Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley, regardless of the sensor position.Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale,New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag.
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Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
