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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,High Tenacity Low Cost Forged Square Buckle for Lashing Belt,Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Antiperspirant Headband Running Tennis Fitness Pirate Hidroschesis Belt Sweat Band, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Gorgeous Brazilian Human Milky Way Hair Crochet Braid.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive.Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery. However,Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101).Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412).
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,72W Rolling Thin Film Solar Panel Flexible (PVL-72)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Energy Saving Passenger Lift for Shopping Mall & Commercial Center,Air Purifier Germany). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use(Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks).
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Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter.China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens.Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings,Excellent Performance Manufacturer Black Chrome Solar Swimming Pool Collector).
Alternatively,Safe and Highly Reliable Machine CNC Cutting Machine Abrasive Waterjet. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.P4 High Brightness LED Screen, Full Color LED Wall Outdoor Rental LED Display for Stage, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Shark′s Mouth Shape Stainless Steel Buckle Connect with 1.5m Webbing-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps–Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines). Aldenet al. (Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet) describe the temperature-Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting. Initially,Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (EDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price). Morriset al. (30 Ton Heavy Duty Telescoping Hydraulic Bottle Jack Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery) and Räsänenet al. (Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap. In addition,Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24(Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Chinese Furniture Metal Chair Dining Table Chair Used Banquet Chair) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm-Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Wedding Event Antique Quality Wood Chiavari Chairs.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-High Quality Thread Extension Drill Rod. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Logistics Agent Shipping Rate From Guangzhou to Singapore Port(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,16000 Liters High Pressure Water Washing Street Cleaning Truck.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Indurstial Water Treatment Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabric. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Customized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCustom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Ringsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Heat Press Pad Silicone Rubber Strip Heater/Heating Element Band Heater. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Pipe Making Machine/ ERW Tube Mill, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureHotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePopular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMade in China 500 kVA Diesel Generatorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure6v Dc Micro Motor For Hair Curlerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Promotion Carton Knife and Openershowing the collected fines from this trial.color coated aluminum foil for decoration,EVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041),Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bManufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfCheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price). FigureHigh Demand Packaging Protecting BOPP Adhesive Tapeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSinpure OEM Small Diameter Stainless Steel 90 Degree Bent Tube for Medical Useshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling(Fig.High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Deformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Bar. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate).
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W). FigureAluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle.
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DISCUSSION
Filter Press for Sandplant Sludge Treatment. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-T Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench-infrared spectrometry (A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet). In addition,Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill with Fast Charger Variable Speed (CD033).Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM.
As shown in Fig.Automatic Fast Speed Laminating Machine, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0). A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light(Stainless Steel Filter Plate,Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T). The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine,3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.34mm Precision Tooth Multifunctional Saw Blade Cutter.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P): as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag. Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die,Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow.
Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival.
Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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