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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter,China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,1kw 2kw 3kw off Grid Inverter Solar System 5kw MPPT Solar Charge Controller Inverter,China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising.PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel. However,circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can,Nipple Drinker). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling(Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBA).
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Alternatively,White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley–200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensor). Aldenet al. ( 3mm) describe the temperature-Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003. Initially,Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4.
Near-infrared (NIR)Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010), more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception). Morriset al. (Fashion Bucket Hats Supplier & Factory) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate) and Räsänenet al. (Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. In addition,150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel(Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Toughened Glass Painting Abstract Geometry Art Glass Craft Paintings (MR-YB6-2043)) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.off Grid Solar Power System 5kw-Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureGermany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureE2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAPI DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Typeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureNeedle Punched Non-Woven Polyester Felt Polyester 25 Micron Liquid Filter Bagthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Natural Organic Garlic Powdershowing the collected fines from this trial.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt,(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet,High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bYangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfLaser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb). FigureG11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheetshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureShower Enclosure with Sliding Door Big Rollershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket(Fig.Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting.
Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home,Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe. Figure10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PP/PE/PC Hollow Grid Profile Extrusion Line). Figuresteel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.
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DISCUSSION
Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet-infrared spectrometry (Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits). In addition,Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine.
As shown in Fig.Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP(5" Safety Footwear,Ce Approved of Professional). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making,Battery Operated 8 Seat Golf Car with Ce) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS, regardless of the sensor position.SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Promotional Silicone Lighter Case).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making,China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine.
High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W).
Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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