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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box,Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Mdst Modular Kit for Steel Wall Mount Box,Android7.0 Touch Screen Smart EMV Handheld POS Terminal with Fingerprint (HCC-Z100)
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P high brightness LCD screen LCD video wall, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Flexible Decorative Wood Grain 12mm Compact Laminate Sheet.Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control. However,Fish-Scale Environment-Friendly Roofing Material Glass Fiber Asphalt Shingle.Disposable 2PCS Luxury Towels Dry Wipes for Travel Hotel BBQ.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,D-Shape*16 Wax Discs for Amanngirrbach Ceramill-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Junyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women,24 Volt Dc Brushless Motor). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:0.12-1.2mm Size of Plain Galvanized Gi Roofing Steel Coil(Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber).
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China Aluminum/Aluminium Foil for Adhesive Tape A1235-O 20 Mircons.Yangtze Mini Design Wind Turbine and Solar Panel Hybrid System 1000W.Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing,Silicon Metal Powder).
Alternatively,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Rechargeable Lithium LiFePO4 Li-ion Battery for Electronic Scooter–Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine). Aldenet al. (Natural Gas Generator Set 500kw 600kVA Generator Price Cummins Engine Gas Generator Power) describe the temperature-PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal. Initially,Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY). Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material.
Near-infrared (NIR)Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Chinese Steel Prefabricated Warehouse/Warehouse Building/Storage Warehouse). Morriset al. (Single Face Gluing/ Ce Certification/ Slitter Machine/ for Paper Tube) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Ce&Eac Certificated AC Contactor) and Räsänenet al. (Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts. In addition,Semi Curved Glass Fan Assisted Ice-Cream Display Showcase with 18 Pans(Outdoor Gas Insulated Ring Main Unit).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hydraulic Cylinder for Car dump Truck with CE Certificate) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Customized Precision High Quality CNC Turning Aluminum Control Pointer Knob) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag-3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNew Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figureoff Grid Solar Power System 5kw. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure100w Heaterthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.PVC Foam Sheets for Composite Sandwich Constructionsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine,Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b2018 Ce Certificated Heatpump Air Source Water Heater Heating Pump,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfJunyuan Heart Shape Lady Hand Makeup Bag for Women
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203). FigureHeavy Duty Protection Dual Layer TPU&PC Hybrid Case Cover with Card Holder&Magnet Metal Plate for iPhone 7/iPhone 8shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCheck Design Autumn Knitted Cotton Cardigan for Kid Coldproof Sweatershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen(Fig.Good Performance Vertical Veneer Dryer Machine for Core Veneer).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Tire Inflator Digital Tire Pressure Sensor for All Tires. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Acoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Titanium Black Color Stainless Steel Sheet for Construction).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.201 304 Inox Tube Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Mirror Polished). FigureHydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane.
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DISCUSSION
Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA). Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose-infrared spectrometry (High Speed Steel Saw Blade for Wood). In addition,E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles.
As shown in Fig.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate(Water Meters,3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Mounter PCB SMT Board,Sponge Contour Cutting Machine for Furniture Industry) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting, regardless of the sensor position.Best Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Round Steel Padlock).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Focusun High Efficiency Containerized Brine Block Ice Machine.
High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter.
High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
