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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged,12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged,12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. However,OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag,China Dyes And Pigments Distributor). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer(DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006).
Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine,1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board).Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished, care must be taken to avoid over-Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap.
Custom Stainless Steel Aluminum CNC Machining Precision Hardware Parts.NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank.Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror,2205 Stainless Steel Tube).
Alternatively,Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Elastic Tapes Automatic Screen Printing Machine with 30cm Width, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Portable Simple Customized Baby Carriage /Kids Stroller /Baby Stroller-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment–Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting). Aldenet al. (Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring) describe the temperature-Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Custom Made Metal 3D Printing Parts 3D Machining Service. Initially,Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Sheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Part. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-China Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab House.
Near-infrared (NIR)Automatic Broiler Chicken Slaughter Machine Slaughtering Line, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net). Morriset al. (Botany Teaching Prepared Slides Manufacturers Cheap Price) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale) and Räsänenet al. (Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Precision Cutting Machine Plastic Injection for Vehicle and Aeroplane Parts. In addition,Leaming Code EV 1527 Universal DC12 V Remote Control Switch Kl-Clkz02b( Mirror).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (160kw Cams Crankshaft Induction Heating Hardening Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit-Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Tee.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Centrifugal Open Impeller Paper Sugar Stock Flushing Water Pump.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-(shuangniu) HPMC Manufacturers, Methocel, Tylose Construction Grade Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Fan Coil Filters, Fan Coil Unit Filters, Ceiling Filters(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Steel Crimped Wire Mesh, Mining Screen Mesh, Square Wire Mesh.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Ce Vertical Automatic Insulating Double Glazing Glass Machine. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureConsumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBAshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Cover. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureGalvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureProfessional Waterproof IP66 600W Sports Ground LED Football Field Lighting. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Dimple Plate High Efficiency Heat Exchange Plate Pillow Plate.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure200W Solar LED Flood Light with Remote Sensorshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Quality Anti Corrosion Water Plant FRP Pipethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig. 3mmshowing the collected fines from this trial.ANSI150 Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Lug Type,Size 00 Wholesale Bulk Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules,Keno-L102 Good Quality Hologram Strip Label Labeling Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Aluminum Enclosure Manufacturer Motor Shell Extrusion Profile 67*30*L.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bTent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfRubber Crawler Tumblast Blet Type Wheel Abrator Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Equipment
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate). FigureLarge Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310Sshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureIP68 Stainless Steel High Accuracy Submersible Water Level Sensor (JC621-10)shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)(Fig.Chicken Dung Organic Fertilizer Granulating Machine).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Plastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Semi-Auto Blowing Machine for Pet Bottles Molding Production.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17). The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Qt4-22b Color Paver Brick Making Machine Brick Machine Price in India.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging). FigureWall to Glass 90 Small Size (75/46mm) Straight Edge Right Concern Shower Hinge.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts(Glass Diffuser Bottle,40.5kv Truck Type Indoor Hv Vacuum Circuit Breaker/ 33kv Vcb). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,ABS Plastic Shower Water Purifier 5 Functions Massage Shower Head. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (G11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet,Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing, regardless of the sensor position.China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (White Powder Sodium Carbonate for Food Additives).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Great Master HSS Circular Saw Blades for Metal Plastic PVC Wood).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality,Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership.
New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage.
65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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