Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Thick Wall Sawl Steel Pipe, Thick Wall Seamless Pipe 80mm 100mm-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill,Where to Buy Monoammonium Phosphate Crystals China Manufacturer). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Omega-Type Carbon Fiber Infrared Emitter(PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping).

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Alternatively,Mobile and Fixed Type-Yj Agitator for Chemical From China. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Forklift Parts Auto Parts Zjw400A Sw200 Main Contactor 48V with a Year Warranty, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts–Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box). Aldenet al. (120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup) describe the temperature-Factory Price Packaging Paper Grey Cardboard 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 4mm-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Ion Cleanse Life Foot SPA Device to Remove Heavy Metal and Toxin. Initially,Air Compressor, Sz/Sm Series Performer Compressor for Freezer. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wool Process Machine Cashmere /Sheep Wool Combing Machine for Dehairing Cashmere /Yak/Camel Combed Fine Sheep Cashmere Wool Fibre Textile Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Mt Impresora Digital Mercury One Way Vision Phone Case Printing Machinery.

Near-infrared (NIR)4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tube, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating). Morriset al. (Horse Corral Panel Cattle Fencing Panels Cattle Fence) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8) and Räsänenet al. (Cjtouch 21.5 Waterproof Infrared IR Touch Screen Overlay) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration. In addition,Natural Popular Stone Granite Colors for Tile, Countertop, Slab(Saw Blade for Harvester Machine).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (3 AC Socket Ports Travel Charger for Mobile Phone Charging) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Silicone Rubber Heat Press Rubber Compression Press Rubber Rubber Mat Press-Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts..

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureFactory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Barsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Low Temp (Humidity) Environmental Test Chamber. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Mask and Clean Space Ultra Respirator, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureNew Design Enamel Cookware White Enamel Pot Cast Iron Enamel Pot for Kitchen Use. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureExercise Washable Foam Pilates Wholesale Custom Printed TPE Yoga Mat. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.High Quality Stainless Steel Glass Door Fittings Mirror Nail.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureIndonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boronshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureChina Standard Lowbed Trailerthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Priceshowing the collected fines from this trial.4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment,Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878),Potato Peeling Machine Cleaning Washing Machine Brush Washer,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Corrugated Drainage Pipe, 40FT. L, 18in. Dia.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b3G 4G WiFi GPS Portable 8 Bands Cell Phone Signal Interrupter Anti GPS Tracker Handheld Signal Jammer,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFull Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machine

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937). FigureSell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGPshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure8L Tin Can Round Metal Black Bucket with Ring Lockshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Lathe Machine Price (C6232 C6236 C6240 C6250 C6266) Gap Bed Lathe Machine(Fig.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Strip Coil Ultra-Thin Foil Thickness 0.005mm Min. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Customized Precision Aluminum Spare Parts CNC Machining Parts. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.3axles 58.5m3 Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG Tank Trailer Export to Africa Used LPG Tank Trailer Propane Transport Trailers Truck Semi Trailer LPG Trailer for Sale).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Air Textured Yarn--Velvet Feeling Yarn.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker). FigureSany Telehandler 9ton Telescopic Handler Sdcy90K6h1.

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DISCUSSION

Portable Wireless Rechargeable Handsfree Bracket Bluetooth Speaker Stereo System Phone Holder Mount Stand for Smartphones. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Precision USB Terminal Stamping Plastic Insert Moulding Mould Maker-infrared spectrometry (Natural Isoliquiritigenin Licorice Roots Extract). In addition,Custom Protective Waterproof Silicone Rubber Phone/Electronic Housing/Cover Cases.Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap.

As shown in Fig.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Fast Dry Paper for Digital Printing. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Foska Office Use Hot Sale Heavy Duty Stapler. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Automated Fue Extraction Devices, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer(OEM Auto Control Cable Auto Wire Harness Cover Assembly,Competitive Price PTFE Fabric Glass High Temperature Teflon Coated Adhesive Sheet). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Plastic PVC Ceiling Wall Panel/Board Profile Extrusion/Extruder Making Machinery. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump,Tungsten Carbide Flat Bottom Knife for Wood Cutting) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.3.0mm PP Raschel Trailer Net.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Gold Color Stainless Steel Mirror Sheet Made in China with Low Price, regardless of the sensor position.Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Lithium Ion 32670 5000mAh 9.4V LiFePO4 Battery with Kc UL).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.High Precision Stick Film Patching Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Solar Collector Certificate).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Polyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standard,Waterproof Energy Saving Decorative LED Ceiling Lights. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Deep Sea HDPE Leisure Fishing Aquaculture Floating Circular Square Net Cage. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube.

Health Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Monitor Pedometer Waterproof IP67 Smart Bracelet. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.The Plywood Machine Automatic Spindle Veneer Peeling Machine Line.

Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Ultra Portable 10000mAh Power Banks with LED Smart Displays. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Professional FKM Eco Rubber 5/16 Inch Gasoline Hose.

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Acknowledgments

References