Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves,11h Rabbit Fur Handbag Purses And Handbags - Purses And Handbags). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel(CNC 4 Flute Coating End Milling for Metal Lathe Cutting).

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Alternatively,Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Modern Simple Bathroom Cabinet with Storage Drawer–Tire Gauge Tire Pressure Gauge Inflator). Aldenet al. (3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter) describe the temperature-Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. Initially,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor.

Near-infrared (NIR)Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Kevlar Yarn Water-Blocking Aerial 12 Core Fiber Optic Cable ADSS). Morriset al. (3 Way Elbow Pipe Fittings (water supply)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (GMP Factory Supply Sterile Blended Procaine Penicilline G Hydrate Injection Powder CAS 6130-64-9) and Räsänenet al. (Hydraulic Oil Hydraulic Plunger Cylinder with ISO) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. In addition,Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits(PVC White BS Thread Pipe Water Supply Piping System 5.6 Metres).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Recycle Wholesale Toilet Paper Toilet Tissue) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Hot Vulcanizing Rubber) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine-Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureIntelligent Pid Temperature Controller Box for Industrial Usage Xmt-7100shows the granule moisture content as a function of time,High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureCustomwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

Cdb Spectrum

Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureSmart Cell Phone Arm Bag. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureAuto Rubber Parts Making Machine Stopper Machine Vacuum Press Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureClassroom Interactivity Election Equipment High Quality Supplierthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastenershowing the collected fines from this trial.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine,90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle,Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bVacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfMangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Abrasion Resistant Corrugated Rubber Conveyor Belt for Coal). FigurePVC Coated Fusion Glued and Bonded Wireshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure3speed Thermostatshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S)(Fig.Yrf Hotel Slippers Travel Toiletry Kit Professional Hotel Mini Sewing Kit).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Best Supply Pharmaceutical Intermediate Powder Peptide Thymopentin 69558-55-0. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking). Figurefor RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier.

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DISCUSSION

10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design-infrared spectrometry (Best Price 316 Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils). In addition,Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters.Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications.

As shown in Fig.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit(Enamel Cookware Set Manufacturers Cheap Price,CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control,Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives, regardless of the sensor position.Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Handball Surfaces).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle,Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill.

Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107.

Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use.

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Acknowledgments

References