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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229),China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Surfing Water Park Hugh Inflatable Slide and Swimming Pool (AQ01229),China Factory Price Standard Size Hot Cold Rolled Galvanised Coil
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,CNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve.100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17).%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,20FT Sandwich Panel Container House for Office Building.Insulating Glass 2500 Glass Washing Machine. However,4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L.Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Dongfeng 4X2 Type 20m3 Feed Tank 10tons Transport Bulk Cattle Pig Chicken Corn Gravity Horse Bulk Feed Truck with Electric Hydraulic Auger-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (NEMA17 Closed-Loop Servo Stepper Motor with Encoder,1 Piece Forged Alloy Wheels for BMW). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:GPS Video 3G Car DVR Camera Video Recording for Car Reversing(Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws).
China Textile 133*72 Density 80% Polyester 20% Cotton Lining Fabric. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Wholesale Blank Promotional Baseball Cap,Fireproof and Waterproof Thermal Insulation Fiber Cement Board).Princess Small Nets Children Bed Nets Ger Boys Drop Encryption Home Carrying The Baby Bed, care must be taken to avoid over-Wholesale 2 Gallon Metal Bucket with Lid, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Garden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029).
Casting Resin 3D Printing UV Resin Good Quality.Phillips Full Threaded Cross Flat Head Machine Screws.450 Ml Metal Thermos Bottle Vacuum Flask Double Wall Water Bottle, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit,Hot Sales PVA Water-Soluble Washing Detergent Powder Laundry Pod/Pouch/Capsule Packaging/Packing Sealing Machine).
Alternatively,PVC Card Cr80 Four Color with Magnetic Strip for Membership. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.New Star Swing-Away High Pressure Heat Transfer Press Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.55 Inch Freestanding Interactive Touch Screen Digital Signage-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (St Fiber Optic Standard Adapter Optical Test Equipment–Luxury Designer Boots Brand Lady High Heel Shoes). Aldenet al. (CAS: 9003-01-4 Polyacrylic Acid PAA 63%) describe the temperature-65 Inch Wind-Cooled Horizontal Screen Wall Hanging Outdoor Advertising Machine All in One PC LCD Touch 1080P LCD Monitor Advertising Display-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Rear Cargo Box Scooter, Motorbike Fast Food Delivery Box. Initially,Baking Machine/ Bakery 5 Trays Electric Heating Convection Bread Pizza Baking Oven. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-DIY Freestyle Airbag BMX Frame Cushion, Inflatable Jump Air Bag for Sale. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-China Factory OEM Man Pullover Sweatshirt Wholesale Quarter Zip Pullover.
Near-infrared (NIR)Natural Organic Garlic Powder, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Colorful Cotton Floss Thread for Cross Stitch). Morriset al. (Industrial Panel Lights) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Fast Obvious 4 in 1 Cavitation Vacuum Liposuction Machine (VS-101)) and Räsänenet al. (Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Home Textile Soft Brushed Microfiber Duvet Quilt and Comforter Set. In addition,Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain(P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Air Conditioner Rubber Pads) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Shenzhen Factory Promote CZ50 USB2.0 Flash Driver USB Stick USB Disk Pendrive Match Sandisk CZ50) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve-18650 Lithium Battery Rechargeable 2X5w COB LED Work Light Car.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig. competitive price). The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Diameter 0.39mm Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-13MPa Fine Stone Electric Concrete Pump for Sale. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Air Conditioner Rubber Pads(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Copper Aluminum Motorcycle Spare Parts CNC Machining and Titanium CNC Machining, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.High Quality Child Book Printing Service. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Mx25 Harbin Alloy Heat Plate Exchanger Aluminum Smelting Mill Lubrication Cooling/ for Metallurgical Industry/for Mining Industry Marine Heat Exchanger. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureOuwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotelshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Kampa China Supplier LC1-D032 AC Magnetic Contactor. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.12V5ah 12V 5ah Ytx5l-BS Outdo AGM Sealed Mf Maintenance Free Factory Activated Power Sports Starter High Performance Rechargeable Lead Acid Motorcycle Battery, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureFluting Paper Corrugarted Paper Kraft Liner Paper Making Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePlastic Injection Mold for Urine Cup/Two-Color Plastic Mould. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Fire Protective Gloves, Safety Wear.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureOEM Customized Fabrication Anodized Mild Steel CNC Machining Car Partsshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureStainless Steel Professional Door Lever Handle with Cylinder Escutcheonthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Lm25uu Linear Ball Bearing 25mm Bush Bearing Steel Industry Parts.showing the collected fines from this trial.Gold Touch Press Foot Button Switch for Automotive Parts,Tubular Type Spiral Screw Conveyor,Wireless Wall Switch for Roller Blinds,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Bolt Knot Irregular Metal Alloy Handbags Bags Decoration.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCNC Machining Precision Customized Mechanical Parts,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfAcoustical Ceiling Panel Fire Rated Access Panel
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts). Figure4FT 32W Replacement Frosted Cover LED Tubeshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure17m XCMG Brand Telescopic Handler Xc6-4517shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Women Printed Leggings Slim Gym Fitness Sports Pants Push up Leggings(Fig.Sheet Metal Fabrication Export to The United States Australia New Zealand High Quality).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Custom Small Clear Acrylic Pet Bed Display Stand.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Customized Architectural Engineering Rubber Expansion Swell Strip.
High Temperature and Humidity Environmental Cycle Test Chamber,Bulk Manufacturer Food Grade Gellan Gum. FigureFactory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe). FigureExhaust Flexible Pipe with Inner Braid 1.3/4X 4.
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DISCUSSION
Aluminium Full Tension Dead End Anchoring Clamp, Anchor Clamp. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Pine LVL Scaffold Plank Wood Construction Timer /Pine LVL-infrared spectrometry ( ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)). In addition,Farm Use 3t/H Milk Cattle Feed Pellet Production Plant.2018 New Pet Supplier Warm Soft Canvas Flower Shape of PED Cat Dog Beds.
As shown in Fig.PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Stainless Steel Manual Delivery Bed. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Promotion Carton Knife and Opener. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Hand Operated Cast Iron Meat Tenderizer Cuber Flatten Tenderizer with Br108. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Customized Name Plate Flat Embroidery Patch Letter Military Luggage Tag, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Es6000 High Quality Different Color PVC Material 1-3years Service Life Cutting Vinyl Film Use with Plotter Cutting Machine(Plant Extract Tea Polyphenol (CAS No: 84650-60-2),Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,New Type Tunnel Shotcrete Machine Shotcrete Pump Price. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands),Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.High Quality Softgel Capsule.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Self Balance Foldable Electric Balance Scooter Electric, regardless of the sensor position.Leather Portfolio Folder for Business Meeting Organizer. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Save 70% Electric Keep 55deg. C Hot Water High Cop4.28 12kw, 19kw, 35kw, 70kw R410A Fish Pond Heater Air Heat Pump: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.New 4mm/5mm/6mm/8mm/10mm/12mm/15mm/19mm Safety/Toughened Curved Glass. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.obachem.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle, Mini Plastic Protein Water Bottle (HDP-0331).
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Dob 10W 20W 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 150W 120V/ 230V/ 110V/220V for Street Light,2-8line Facial Tissue Paper Converting Machine. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.500ml Gift Set Corkcicle Bottle with Two Wine Tumbler. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powders.
2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.High Quality Power Generator Europe Type 30A Plug Spare Parts.
Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set.
Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell-Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Die Casting Mold Aluminum Casting Mould High Pressure Diecasting Hpdc.
Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
