Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Commercial Bakery Conveyor Pizza Baking Oven-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe,2019 New High Quality 5 Stroke Jet Surf Power Board). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Excellent Design Long Life Span Metal Building Construction(Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair).

Road Black or Red Belgium Rubber Speed Cushion/Speed Cushion. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits,SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar).Silicone Baby Brush Shower Brush 100% Silicone Gentle Nubs Massage Scrubber, care must be taken to avoid over-Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series.

Wholesale Price Colled Rolled ASTM / AISI / SUS / GB / DIN / JIS 904L Super Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet.Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding.Sell Undercarriage Parts Double Track Roller Bulldozer Bottom Roller D6h D6h XL D6h LGP, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment,Products).

Alternatively,7 Wire Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete 15.2mm. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Quality Cheap Price Use Work Coverall Custom Working Safety Uniform, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Loose Fit Ladies Fitness Jumper Multicolor Camo Crop Sports Hoodie-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line–Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red). Aldenet al. (Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube) describe the temperature-Simple Design Living Room Mirrored TV Cabinet-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-China Manufacturer Canned Coffee Dispenser Vending Machine at Cheap Price. Initially,Toilet Tank Fitting for 2 Piece Ceramic. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Wholesale Cake Tray Edge Folding and Making Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Desktop/ Table Type Cold Pressure Welding Machine for Copper Wires.

Near-infrared (NIR)Insect Resistant PVC Curtain for Kitchen Room, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Cashew Pine Nut Peanut Ground Nut Cleaning Machine). Morriset al. (Biscuits Design Soft Non-Toxic Silicone Baby Teether Toy) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (New Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificate) and Räsänenet al. (Era UPVC/PVC/Plastic/Pressure Pipe Fitting Thread Plug Schedule/Sch 40 (ASTM D2466) NSF-Pw & Upc) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Air Cooler/Evaporative Air Cooler. In addition,Sinotruk HOWO Special Truck 6 Wheel 8cbm Compactor Garbage Truck(Ce/ISO Approved Bronchoscopy Surgery Disposable Grasping Forceps Snare).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (aihdcam.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.WPC PVC Free Foam Floor Decorative Board Extrusion Production Line-Aluminum T6 LED Flashlight with Belt Cutter, 5 Flash Modes, 4PCS Hammers 800 Lumen Waterproof.

400W 15inch PA System Professional Loudspeaker-Best Sell Industrial Microwave Oven, Microwave Extractor Dehydrator.

Hot Sale Multi-Purpose Mini Electric Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump

Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table

Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabricshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Customized Forged and Cast Railway Wheel Train Parts, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

Square Shelf Floor Lamp End Table with USB Chargers

Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureChina Wholesale ODM PU Leather Crossbody Bag Shoulder Bag. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

Scaffolding System

Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureVintage Round Shape Glass Jar with Metal Cap for Honey Packing. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet

Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Sleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Window, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Guangzhou Factory Li-ion Cell 3.7V 2000mAh 2200mAh 2600mAh Battery 18650 Wholesale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019

Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureBestsub 3 Ceramic Bell Ornament with Hole (H004)shows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWooden Tv Stand Picturesthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensorshowing the collected fines from this trial.2018 New Unique Suction Bathroom Holder Towel Ring for Home,Pregabalin Pharmaceutical Intermediate 99% USP,OEM Wholesale African Fashion Cotton Wax Fabric Ankara Floral Headwrap,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat.

EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter

Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bUL FCC PSE Passed 5V 2A USB Charger Us Plug for Wholesale,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfOuternal Climbing Tower Crane (QTZ63 (TC5013))

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop). FigureChina Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Priceshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigurePq1000 Common Rail Injector Test Bench Nts205 EPS205 EPS200 Factory Lower Price Best Selling High Quality EPS100 Nts100shows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Mill Finished 3003 1100 Aluminum Aluminium Coil for Insulation Industry(Fig.Stainless Steel Automatic Dumpling Spring Roll Maker Making Machine).

School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant

Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal

Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:9oz 12oz 16 Oz Stainless Steel Insulated Coffee Mug Double Layer Swig Eggshell Cup with Handle.%, the criterion for dry granules.

Benetton Beach Towel Manufacturers Cheap Price

Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale).

904L

Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Fuyi Single-Cell Protein Product Separation Tubular Bowl Separator.

Lifud Driver CREE LED Chip 100W COB LED Ceiling Lamp Down Lighting,Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019. FigureMotorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

etonsmtauto.com

Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux). FigureAluminum Sheet / Aluminum Plate 1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 6061 6063.

Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy

Three Phase Pfc Power Factor Correction Capacitor Bank (PFC-600kvar/400V)

DISCUSSION

2 Ton Electric Chain Hoist with Electric Monorail Trolley. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Stainless Steel/Enamel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grates/Grid-infrared spectrometry (Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch). In addition,ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe.Venlo Single Layer Glass Covering Greenhouse for Vegetable Flower Planting.

As shown in Fig.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Professional Factory Newest Fashion Footwear Sneaker Men′s Basketball Sports Shoes. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Mechanical Seal John Crane 2100. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

S11 Serie Green Sand Mixer, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.

The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,2019 Hot Sale Kid New Korean Version Children Princess Dress Show Shoes for Girl(Limbo Kit Party Game, RoHS). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Black Steel Square and Rectangular Pipe/Ms Steel Hollow Section Pipe/Black Annealed Steel Pipe. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Welding Sealing Double-Color Gas Cutting Flexible Air Hose for Cars,Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015).

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Ce Approved of Professional, Supplier 1200 Degree Protective Atmosphere Heat Treatment Furnace, regardless of the sensor position.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Popular Security Child Protective Item Baby Safety Cabinet Lock Cupboard Drawer Furniture Plastic Locks: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Latest Woman Hand Bag 2018 Designer Manufacturers China. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Double End Studs).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Top Quality CAS 28319-77-9 Alpha GPC 50% Powder Price,HS-M901K Air Brush Nail Kit. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.PVC Frontlit Flex Banner (LFG55/440). With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Precision Circle Ring Bracelet Rotary Laser Cutter with Gold Dust Recycling.

19mm 100% Mulberry Silk Fitted Sheet 4PCS Bedding Set Oeko-Tex100. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Nkis Bearing Radial Needle Roller Bearing with Inner Ring.

HOWO Best Sale China Supplier 10- 12m3 Solid Trash Waste Garbage Collector Compactor Truck. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Low Price Products Vitamin a Acetate Food Additive. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

Ice Crusher Ice Block Shaving Machine Ice Crushing Machine.200 150 100 75 Micron Hastelloy Sintered Wire Mesh/Metal Mesh Fabric, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.

The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table.

Wholesale Bamboo Charcoal Sisal SPA Pad Shower Bath Sponge Klb-089-Home Decoration Joint Filler Glitter. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale.

Acknowledgments

References