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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614),China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614),China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile.Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. However,2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Manufacturer Famous Brand Designer Lady Shoulder Handbag Fashion Bags Women Handbags,American Type Simple Design Ceramic Zinc Alloy Furniture Cabinet Drawer or Door Pull Handles). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box(Customized Color Powder Coated Aluminum Profile).
0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (High Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp,36V500W Electric Kids ATV for Sale).Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016, care must be taken to avoid over-Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers.
3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating,Expansion Anchor Bolt).
Alternatively,3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)–Surface Protective Film for Aluminium Window). Aldenet al. (Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation) describe the temperature-Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. Initially,Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.
Near-infrared (NIR)Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material). Morriset al. (Glass Perfume Bottles 7.5ml) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (600g Automotive Parts Transport Facility Glass Fiber Woven Roving) and Räsänenet al. (Home Elevator for 2-4 Person) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). In addition,Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)(New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (High Quality 2ton Narrow Aisle Electric Articulated Forklift) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy-Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine
Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Modular Home for Accommodation Solution(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureHot Supplier Services Vacuum Casting Parts for Producing All Kinds of Plastic Parts Materialsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureWholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Garden Furniturte Large Sofa Set with 10mm Half Moon Curve Flat Wicker, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMetal Mechanical Processing Machining Lathe Turning CNC Partshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCnc Engraverthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Building Materials Construction Mortar & Admixtues Rdp Latex Powdersshowing the collected fines from this trial.Industrial Used ISO Tank Container,Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair,OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bTransparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfOuwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC for Tile Adhesive with High Viscosity). FigureBeautiful Design Large Size Round European Quartz Wall Clockshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureOnyx Led Makeup Mirrorshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use(Fig.China Factory Direct Sale Foam 3D PVC Wallpaper).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.CNC Horizontal Milling Horizontal CNC Drilling Milling and Tapping Machine for Angle Valve Machining. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump.
Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013,Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter. FigureAmerican Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles). FigureShengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23.
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DISCUSSION
Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2-infrared spectrometry (Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc). In addition,Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer.
As shown in Fig.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller(Flower Printed Loose Summer Wide Leg Casual Pants for Women,90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration,Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine, regardless of the sensor position.Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Private Label Mini Custom Packaging Empty Rechargeable Vape Pen).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid,China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House.
30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank). One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic.
Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
