Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Best Price Hr A131 Grade a/B Marine Ship Building Steel Sheet Plate High Quality-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration,Sheet Metal Hand Brake). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:High Quality Supply 4pole MCB Type Dual Power Automatic Transfer Switch ATS(2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth).

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Alternatively,Private Label Fitness Wear 2020 New Fashion Women T-Shirt Custom Yoga Wear Women Gym Top Short Sleeve. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Flange Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Fire Emergency Escape Safety Face Mask with Color Box-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe–Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket). Aldenet al. ( ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)) describe the temperature-High Guality Conference Hall High Back Auditorium Chair (FECMP07)-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Ce Hydraulic Scrap Metal Iron Aluminum Baler Press Machine. Initially,Waterproof Hot Sale Transparent Window Membrane Overlay Panel Ophthalmic Lens. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Fashion Cotton Canvas Ladies Tote Bag with PU Shoulder Strap. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Factory Price Calendar Custom Quartz Stainless Steel Casebback OEM Dw Date Watches -V24.

Near-infrared (NIR)Top Quality Liquid Nail Adhesive to Stick Big Alumiunm, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould). Morriset al. (Cmc For Detergent) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid) and Räsänenet al. (Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Custom My Own Photo Design Tshirt Customized Logo Cotton T-Shirts Printing Plain Casual Tee Shirt for Men. In addition,E Cig Oil 10ml Pet Bottle Eliquid Ejuice(Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Surface etc.) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Fashionable High Quality Garment Accessories Embroidery Patchs-2m HDPE Roadway Safety Water Filled Jersey Road Barrier Highway Safety 2 Meter Plastic Jersey Water Filled Road Traffic Barrier for Road Construction.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureFashion Wall Mount Makeup Mac Cosmetic Display Stand Designshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Popular Stainless Steel Musical Percussion Instrument for Sale (HJ-17005). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Box, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

Figurecolor coated aluminum foil for decoration. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureEVA Military Working Safety Boots with Steel Plate (WWB041). The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Hotel Banquet Event Hall Restaurant Party Wooden Dance Floor, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureModern Simple Kitchen Cupboard TV Cabinet Side Tableshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureFriction Grip Hex Nutsthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Latheshowing the collected fines from this trial.ISO9001 6-12 Guage Plain Steel Wire Ground Cloth Staples,Cheap Custom 27X9 Digital Printing Polyester Advertising Hand Held Scrolling Banner,Nsulated Fireproof Lightweight Labor-Saving Composite Ceiling,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Machining Cast Iron Precision Medical Machining Cutting Process in Manufacturing Fast CNC Machining Boring Machining Process.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bDisposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Effective Oxytetracycline Capsules 250mg GMP Bp

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Agriculture PP Split-Film Baler Twine Baling Twine). FigureHigh Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Specialshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureChocolate Coated Energy Bar Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.CAS84-66-2 Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) Manufactuerf Solvent Lubricant Deodorant(Fig.50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Control).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:PE/PVC Mixed Plastic Separator Machine Price in China.%, the criterion for dry granules.

What Is Laboratory Testing

Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Aluminum Alloy Frame 26inch 36V Electric Bicycle.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate). FigureT Type Handle Torque Hex Multi Specification T-Type Wrench.

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DISCUSSION

Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-China Manufacturer Durable New Style PE Plastic Anchor-infrared spectrometry (Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines). In addition,988 Electroplated Connecting Rod Spring with ISO19001 Certification (2.0).High Performance 220V Hydraulic Power Pack Hydraulic Power Station.

As shown in Fig.Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.00.785.0533 Kvt4 Circuit Board Plus 00.785.0357 Uvm4 Electronic Board. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Warranty Two Years 24V DC High Bright White PCB LED Strip Light. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Scrap Iron Electric Induction Melting Furnace (GW-1T). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Industrial Double Shaft Paddle Type Dry Powder Mixer Machine(ATV Winches 9500lbs for Auto Car UTV,High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Ss 304 Vacuum Virgin Coconut Oil Dehydrator Tyd. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base,TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Yaqi Church Auditorium Chair with Plastic Armrest and Tablet (YA-04P).

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag, regardless of the sensor position.Air Cooled Industrial Chiller, Water Cooler. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Customized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (220v Motorised Valve).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Stainless Steel 304 316 EPDM Bonded Sealing Washer.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.PVC Plastic 45 Deg Elbow,Stainless Steel Manual Stuffing Vacuum Hot Dog Sausage Filler. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.2017 Wholesale Custom Printed Medal for Festival. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Cjtouch TFT LCD Touch Screen Monitor Cheap 10.4 Inch LED Touchscreen Monitor for POS.

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Hospital Use Psa Oxygen Plant for Sale. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Precision DIN Three Holes Carbide Angular Button Dies and Punch. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Big Office Coworking Desk 4 People Group.

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Acknowledgments

References