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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe.Rated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55. However,Wholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth,Rock Drill Parts). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women(Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G).
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Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine.Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator.Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (ASTM A106 Gr. B 6 Ich Sch40 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe,9w G24/G23 Led Corn Bulb).
Alternatively,Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket– ISO 10497 (FTech-ISO19922)). Aldenet al. (PPR PVC PMMA Customized Plastic Product in Injection Mold Stamping Mould) describe the temperature-Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm. Initially,High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch.
Near-infrared (NIR)175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Wholesale Colorful Marble Candle Jar with Copper Lid). Morriset al. (Car Radiator & Auto Radiator 16400-11450) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands)) and Räsänenet al. (Galvanized Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings Street Elbow) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane. In addition,4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory(Brown Glass Mosaic Tiles kitchen Backsplash).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Pure Steam Evaporator) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger-P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Top Quality Lactose CAS 63-42-3 with Factory Price. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigurePolyester Lifting Round Sling with En1492-2 Standardshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureKennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureProfessional Grade 3m Super 33+ Vinyl PVC Electrical Tape Cinta. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Butt Welded Reliable Quality Pex Al Pex Pipe for Cold Water, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureChina Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Latheshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCutting Machine Plasma Machine in # March Epxo From Chinathen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycleshowing the collected fines from this trial.Custom Connecting Fittings Type Bolt and Fastener,New Curvy (5′6FT) Sex Doll with Metal Skeleton Sex Toy,Fully Automatic Corrugated Box Making Machine,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bPortable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfEDTA-Zn with High Quality and Competitive Price
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special). Figure50 Inch Insert or Embedded or Built-in Wall Electric Fireplace with Remote Controlshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurewww.fencing-cn.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties(Fig.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Welcome to Visit Deekon Beret Factory for Officer Beret Cap. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Hot Sale Dental Consumable Materials Zirconia Blocks. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Agricultural 200 Ton Per Day Rice Mill Machine Price).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Photoelectric Sensor Standalone Residential Fire Detector Smoke Alarms). FigureGlass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.
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DISCUSSION
2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric-infrared spectrometry (Best Price Bamboo Fiber Fork and Spoon for Hotel). In addition,Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking.12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers.
As shown in Fig.High Quality Custom Plain Shirting 100% Cotton Fabric, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH). Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD(316 Stainless Steel Perforated Tube,Handmade Transparent Glass Dome with Wooden Base). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker,Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.OEM Foundry Parts Water Glass Sand Casting Excavator Parts.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-1390 CO2 Laser Engraving and Cutting Machine for Plastic, regardless of the sensor position.Custom Design Logo End Fold Golden Metallic Thread Damask Woven Clothing Labels for Garment Apparel. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules ( Bathroom).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2). Kurtosis is calculated by:
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A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag,Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine.
3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine.
Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
