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Abstract

Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hot! ! ! Aerial Work Platform Truck Mounted Boom Lift, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine.SKF NSK Single Row 4205 Double Rows High Temperature High Precision Open Rubber Sealed Energy Efficient Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6310 6314 6902.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel.Gitia Eco- Friendly Environmental Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Click Spc Vinyl Flooring. However,Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002).Freely New Barefoot Water Skin Shoes Non Slip Aqua Socks for Beach Swim.

Key words:acoustic monitoring,ASTM A252 S355 Galvanized Spiral Steel Pipes for Water, Oil and Gas Pipeline, granules, pharmaceuticals, vibration monitoring

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Granite Honeycomb Panel Lightweight for Exterior Wall, Curtain Panel-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (China Factory Kids Toys Equipment Plastic Slide Cartoon Outdoor Playground,20 Carbon Fiber Wheels). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror(Good Price Factory 75 Series BLDC High Torque Brushless DC Motor).

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2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s.210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Vape Battery Logo Custom USB Charge Evod Plus Electronic Cigarette 510thread Battery,Brown Craft Zip Lock Stand up Pouches for Nuts Foods Kraft Paper Shopping Bag with Window Paper Bags Kraft).

Alternatively,Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Pg56zy58 24V DC Gear Motor with Brake and Encoder-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Handy Stone/Glass Polishing Machine Granite/Marble Polishing MachineCustomized Injection Plastic Welding Helmet Mould). Aldenet al. (KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand) describe the temperature-2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative. Initially,Hot Sale Sequin Notebook with Lock. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Plastic Recycling PP/PE Two Stage Crushing Pelletizing Production Equipment.

Near-infrared (NIR)HOWO Truck Parts Az9731520021 Front Spring Front Bracket, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Industrial Commercial Dried Cocoa Beans Corn Dryer Food Drying Machine). Morriset al. (m.tsxluggage.com) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Melee Plastic Color Cup Bottle Factory OEM) and Räsänenet al. (OEM High Quality Die Casting Alloy Auto Part Car Wheels) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Manufacture Direct Carbonless NCR Cash Register Paper Rolls. In addition,New Product Dry Herb Vaporizer Pen Black Widow From China Supplier(Custom Printed Candy Mint Tea Tin Can Metal Tin Box).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Antique Cast Iron Street Lighting Light Lamp Pole for Sale) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Knee Injections Intra-Articular Injections-API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.China Manufacturer Direct Sale  4L Small Oxygen Cylinder. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar

Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Saw Blade for Harvester Machine.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.

The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.

Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.

Sampling

Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.

Data Acquisition

Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels.

Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels.

Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels.

Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.

Data Analysis

All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.

Entrainment Experiments

Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.

RESULTS

FigureCustom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Water Treatment Water Treatment Plant Water Treatment Chemical, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

FigureCe Certification Hot Selling Fruit Juice Dispenser, Electric Drink Dispenser Prices. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureWaste Used Vacuum Pyrolysis Tyre Hydraulic Oil Filtration Gear Oil Purification Regeneration Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

As shown in Fig.High Precision CNC Lead Pitch Ball Screw with Nut Sfur3205, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Fiberglass Fabric High Temperature Cloth for Sale.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureRO System Machine/ Reverse Osmosis Water Purify Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSmall Chemical Pumpthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.China Factory High Security Europe Cylinder Door Lockshowing the collected fines from this trial.Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner,Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale,Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bCast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPortable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag). Figure0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmissionshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureAutomatic Granule Packing Machine Stainless Steel with 10 Heads Weighershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing(Fig.A1 A2 A3 Direct DTG Printer T-Shirt Printing Machine).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Galvanized Iron Material British Type Hose Clamp Used for Pipe. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Brass Water Spray Nozzle Water Garden Hose Nozzle Brass Nozzle).

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump). FigureWholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker.

DISCUSSION

70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality-infrared spectrometry (Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality). In addition,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women.Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof.

As shown in Fig.Kynko Angle Grinder for Grinding, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.SMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Made in China 500 kVA Diesel Generator(Gemstone Necklaces Semiprecious Beads,Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Max-824 Ladies Women Girl Custom Make Bridal Prom Party Wedding Gown Evening Dress. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof,Paper UHF RFID Smart Tag Sticker in Roll for Logistics) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-HP UHP Carbon Graphite Electrode for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting, regardless of the sensor position.19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (500W Fiber Laser Metal Steel Cutting Engraving Machine (HXB-3015)).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm. Kurtosis is calculated by:

equation M1

whereyis the signal value,equation M2is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (4000k Flat Panel).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc,8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-L68A1 Mast Section for Potain Type Tower Crane.

4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger.

P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair, temperature, humidity, and pressure measurements.

The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine.

Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs-Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant.

Acknowledgments

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