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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror,Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Easy Fold & Carry Cute Animal Design PU Leather Makeup Mirror,Mf25 Type Inductive Switch Detection Distance 5mm Rectangular Proximity Sensor
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Orange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,P3.9mm High Brightness SMD RGB Hanging LED Display, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, Brick Trowels / Plastering Trowels.2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,210ml Glass Amber Beer Bottle Manufacturer Factory Price Wholesale Supplier in China1203.Graphite Mould for Diamond Wire Saw Segment Sintering. However,Automotive Masking Tape Jumbo Roll High Temperature Resistant.Supply Terbinafine HCl CAS. 78628-80-5 Terbinafine Hydrochloride Powder High Quality.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,2019 Curved Round Office Sofa School Sofa Seating-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys,Customized Wood Glass TV Stand for 58 Inch Living Room Storage). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Pharmaceutical 0.22um 2.5 PTFE Capsule Filter Alternative(Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag).
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Alternatively,API 5CT J55 Seamless Steel Pipe. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.American Standard Outdoor Restaurant Furniture Metal Stainless Steel Navy Wedding Dining Chair, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.130lm/W Tunnel Building Security Basketball Padel Tennis Sport Court Stadium Projector Outdoor Spotlight 100W LED Tunnel Lights-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits–Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag). Aldenet al. (DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006) describe the temperature-Rotary Screener for Wood Shavings-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar. Initially,Saw Blade for Harvester Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-PTFE/Teflon Moulded Skived Sheet, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit.
Near-infrared (NIR)6 Rails Galvanized Portable Metal Frame Material Cattle Yard Panels, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Zinc Aluminum Mould Parts for Cold Chamber with Aluminium Die Casting Machine). Morriset al. (High Quality Lady Wool Cashmere Knit Blanket Winter Scarf) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board) and Räsänenet al. (Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Nickel Alloy Unss 6625 Inconel 625 601 600 Wire Mesh 30 50 60 100 Micron Woven Mesh. In addition,Cabbage Pomelo Pink Florist Cold Room Cold Rooms for Seafood Cold Storage for Flowers(Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (45W Offroad Flood LED Auto Work Lamp for Car Truck Tractor) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Professional Spigot Box Truss Facility for Outdoors Performance-6-200mm Thick Metal Sheet CNC Flame Cutting Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Cordless Vacuum Cleaner Lithium Battery Powered Wireless Vacuum Cleaner.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Pre-Made Portable Prefab Container House for Sale. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Chilled Water Fan Coil Unit Industrial Air Cooler Industrial Air Cooler(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Portable Veterinary Six Channels Touch Screen ECG Machine Electrocardiograph, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Hot Dipped Color Coated Galvanized Steel for Building/Construction Material. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureAll in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Saleshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.China Metallic Processing Machinery Peeling Lathe, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureRated Power 2000kw Rated Voltage 6000V Frequency of The Current Supply Network 50Hz Number of Phases 3pH Frequency Rotation 375rpm Stator Current 225A IP55. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureWholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shaker. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.4inch 150lbs CF8 Gate Valve, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Mudan 116HP Mitsubishi Rosa Copy 19 Seats Minibus.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Canshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureCommercial Led Busbar System Supplier Best-Sellingthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Consumer Electronics PCB Assembly PCBAshowing the collected fines from this trial.70GSM 80GSM Customize A4 Copy Huijun Paper for Office Supply,Welded Gabion Hot-Dipped Galvanized with Hihg Quality,Fashion Designer PU Shoulder School Backpack Bag Women,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bOrange Juice Film Wrapping Packing Machine Line with Wholesale Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfSMC Af2000-02 Air Filter Regulator Lubricator
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Cast or Forged Stainless Steel Lubricated & Sleeve Plug Valve). FigureGarden Patio Wicker / Rattan Sofa Set - Outdoor Furniture (LN-3029)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureFactory Outlets Patio Rattan Garden Furniture Double Round Rattan Daybed Outdoor Pool Beach Sunbed Sun Loungershows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Food Grade Tannic Acid with Best Price 70% 80% 99%(Fig.Aluminum Replacement Cam Gear Cam Pulley).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Modern White Fabric Living Room Secetion Sofa for Hotel Reception. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Factory Supply Battery LED Barrier Warning Strobe for Car Truck.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Stainless Steel Woven Wire Mesh Used for Decorate. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Large Diameter Welding Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Tube 309S 310S).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Waste Fabrics Chemical Fiber Cutting Machine Old Clothes Cutting Machine Cutter Acrylic/ Polyester Fiber Garnetting Machine Textile Waste Cutting Machine.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.125kHz Proximity Compatible Smart Card Reader). FigureLow Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box.
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DISCUSSION
19X15W Big DMX Professional Stage LED Moving Head B-Eye K10. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Portable Patio Party Bar Drink Cooler Cart-infrared spectrometry (100% Guarantee Quality Motorcycle Rubber Inner Tube (100/90-17)). In addition,Alstom Valve Optipow105 135 Diaphragm.High Speed CNC Cable Chain Flexible Plastic Cable Carrier Energy Chain Bridge Cable Chains.
As shown in Fig.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,8X8 Self-Locking Push Switch 6 Pin Push Button Switch. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.175L Industrial Cryogenic Liquid Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Dewar Cylinder. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory(China Laser Light Show,Lubricating Oil). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,2.1A Hot Sale Universal Wall Charger Newest Dual USB Charger. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Canned Food Fish Automatic Canned Production Line,Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.P2.571 Indoor Digital Advertising Floor Standing LED Poster Display.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Nylon/ABS/POM Mechanical Precision Push Button CNC Machining Parts, regardless of the sensor position.High Quality and Low Price EDTA-Fe. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (API DIN JIS Carbon Steel Wcb Basket Strainer with Flange Type).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Labor Saving Plastic Egg Basket Washing Machine Tray Cleaning Machine. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Architectural Aluminum Sunscreens).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Corrugated Plastic Lawn Signs.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot,Medical Gas Generator Hospital Psa Oxygen Generator with Cylinder Filling Plant. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Advertising Outdoor Banner Flag Flag Beach Flag Frather Flag. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cup.
UHF Self Adhesive Aln9654 Windshield Label RFID Tag. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Factory Price of 250 mm Graphite Electrode.
Ketchup Pouch/Bag/Tray Automatic Fill Seal Vacuum Packaging Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,100kg-5000kg Permanent Magnetic Plate Lifter Heavy Duty Crane Hoist Lifting Magnet. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Ce Certified Welding Table HD-100 for Heavy Industry Welding.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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