Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price,Pickle Glass Jar). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified(11kv Class 3500kVA Three-Phase Two-Winding Oil-Immersed Power Transformer).

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Alternatively,High Efficient Filter Press Machine for Minerals Dehydration. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (American Style Disposable Round Black PP Plastic Food Box with Clear Lid–Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles). Aldenet al. (15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging) describe the temperature-High Precision Contactless Water Treatment Ultrasonic Level Transmitter-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-High Precision Human Body Scale. Initially,501/7D Explosion-Proof Pressure Switch. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Forestry Mulcher Teeth Type Stc Fitting Fae Mulcher with Carbide Tips. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Drainage Board/Dimple Sheet for Green Roof & Deck.

Near-infrared (NIR)DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Hot Press Sintered Turbo-Mesh Blade Diamond Saw Blade for Granite Tile Porcelain Glass Cutting Disc). Morriset al. (Euro Fence/Holland Fence/Holland Wire Mesh Fence) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Three Phase Hoist Driving Device Electric Motor) and Räsänenet al. (90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband. In addition,2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List(1015 1050 1060 5086 Aluminum Plate for Indoor Decoration).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Chinese Canned Sardine Price (6-8PCS/KG)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (low current axial rf inductor choke 10uh) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Stainless Steel Wire Rope Thimble-Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Lyz-5120 120W 8 Aluminium Outdoor Column Speaker Series. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

FigureFull Automatic Spices Rotary Packing Machineshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureNew Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

Figure2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.PVC Pipe Furniture Grade Schedule 40 8 in 10 FT. Length PVC Piping List PVC Pipe Class 125 150 Custom Size PVC Piping, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.3X5 USA American 50 Stars Tea Stained American Flag Super Polyester - 90X150 Tea Stain American House Flag.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tilesshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figurewww.blockmachinechina.comthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Custom Steel Container House Fabrication Modular Home Export to Nigeriashowing the collected fines from this trial.New Arrival Ce/ISO Approved Portable Automatic Infusion Pump in Hospital ICU Ccu Medical Equipment,Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles,Cheap Melamine Chipboard Particle Board for Cabinet Door,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bProfessional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfG11 Epoxy Fiberglass Laminated Insulation Sheet

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Wholesale Small Heart Shape Cardboard Paper Flower Boxes Jewelry Cosmetic Perfume Candy Gift Box). Figure120ml Sterile Urine Specimen Cupshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureGrinder Hole Saw Boring Crown Granite Marble Ceramic Tileshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.1.8m/6FT USB 3.1 Type C Male to HDMI Male Cable(Fig.HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Saw Blade for Harvester Machine. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Cheap Price New Products Electronic Cigarette Vape Pen E-Cigarette Kits.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.IP65 Outdoor SMD P10 Full Color Advertising LED Billboard).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.1000W Raycus Fiber Laser Welding Portable Machine.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Good Quality Lift Door Slider). FigureCarboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) for Food Produce.

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DISCUSSION

Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Mats. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Acoustic Plywood Panels Wall for Sports Hall Decoration Material-infrared spectrometry (Hot Dipped Galvanized 2.5mm Cut Tie Wire & Binding Wire). In addition,CNC Machine aluminum Parts, CNC Turning Parts, CNC Machining Parts.Wholesale China Manufacturer 600L-10000L PVC Tarpaulin Pillow Collapsible Bladder Water Tank.

As shown in Fig.Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.KIA Pride Clutch Seal for Auto Parts Hok Brand. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Industrial 200kw Wood Pellet Burner. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Modern Style Armless Dining Room Chair for Living Room. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Round Tin Cans for Cookies Biscuits(Lower Price and Higher Quality Electro Galvanized Wire (MT-GW005),Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Double UPVC WPC PVC Plastic Pipe Making Extrusion Line. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Innovative Design Aluminum Film Metallized Non Woven Fabric.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-New Design High Density Sponge Ergonomic Fashion Indoor Furniture Comfortable Cinema Solid Wood Armrest Steel Chair, regardless of the sensor position.Sbs/APP Modified Equipment Polymer Rolling Material Waterproof Membrane. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.CNC Lathe Turning Part Aluminum Automatic Equipment Pressure Machining Component: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Kennametal Conical Scarifier Blade Tools C87kcsbsr 1010937).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Hart 4-20mA Smart Capacitive Differential Pressure Transducer. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (12 Volt Dc Photocell).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Cwe-65 1500W pH65/0810 Hammer Drill Demolition Hammer.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Interpump Kit 109 Rubber Water Seal and Gasket,Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Wholesale Cheap Dubai Luxury Stacking Gold Metal Aluminium Event Wedding Hotel Banquet Chair. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-High Quality Plastic Additive Antioxidant 1010 CAS 6683-19-8.

Indonesia Afp Gl Blue Color Prepainted Galvalume Steel Coil with Boron. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Small High Pressure Lab Reactor Autoclave.

2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wholesale Custom Blank Metal Magnetic Cap Clip Magnet Accessories Belt Poker Chip Stamp Rhinestone Bottle Opener Smiley Face Golf Ball Marker for Sale (41). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Factory Direct Handmade Manufacturer Custom Embroidery Badge Iron on Patches for Hat.

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Acknowledgments

References