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Megan Bojarra
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Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Brass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products.Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454). However,Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017).Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Mylar Film Slitting Machine,9mm Linyi/ China Ordinary Packing Plywood Factory). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T)(Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo).
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Modular Home for Accommodation Solution.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose,CNC Metal Parts for Various Machines).
Alternatively,Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Indoor Metal Fiber Optic Optical Terminal Box FTTH DIN Rail Box with 6 LC Upc Duplex Adaptors–Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe). Aldenet al. (Fashion White Color Acrylic Plastic Resin X Cross Back Chair) describe the temperature-35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man. Initially,4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Industrial Used ISO Tank Container.
Near-infrared (NIR)Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (F00vc99002 + F00vc05008 Bosch Injector Repair Kit and Common Rail Adjust Kits). Morriset al. (Beer Bottle Cooler Bag) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (SDIC Effervescent Chlorine 2.7g Tablets 1kg/Jar) and Räsänenet al. (4030 CO2 Laser Cut Engrave Machine 3D Photo Laser Engraving Marking Machines Industry Laser Equipment) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish. In addition,100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen(Energy Efficient PE Water Gas Supply Pipe Extruder Machine PE Pipe Production Line).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Best Price Concrete Pigments Iron Oixde Red) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Songli Lithium Battery) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel-Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Lifting Lights DMX Winch RGB Color LED Kinetic Tube. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureNew Design Prefabricated Steel Workshop Design with Ce Certificateshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureSuper Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePortable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Electrostatic Powder Coating Spray Gun (Colo-800D-L2-B), the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigurePE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Tableshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureNew Spc PVC Laminate Plank Flooring Price for School Decoration Projectthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.300t Full Dull Plain Taffeta PU Coated Nylon Fabricshowing the collected fines from this trial.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits,2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine,Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bOEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfPVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Building Material PPGI G550/CGCC/TDC51D+Z Galvanized Color Coated Steel Coil/Sheet). FigureSleek and Slim Men′s Trifold Wallet with ID Windowshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureCast Steel Knife Gate Valveshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder(Fig.Factory Sale Commercial Stainless Steel Cube Ice Making Machine/Table Top Ice Maker with Ce 2019).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.EPS Foam Recycling Pelleting Machine with Dryer Cutter. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.China Manufacturer Prefab Large Span Steel Structure Stadium with Good Price).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Quality Rectangle Bottle Opener Half Marathon Medal). Figure30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank).
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DISCUSSION
Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price-infrared spectrometry (Featured 5mm Mini Box Type Metallzied Polyester Film Capacitor Tmcf07). In addition,High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool.
As shown in Fig.Amusement Mushroom Water Spray Water Park Equipment for Sale, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle(8mm On Off Push Button Switch, 904L). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Motorcycle Parts C3 V1 High Temperature 6315 Zz Ball Bearing for Vehicle Bearing,Welding Grade Calcined Bauxite for Welding Flux) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble, regardless of the sensor position.Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S). Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (www.mutrade.com).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt,for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation.
Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters.
Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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