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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107),Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,100% Egyptian Cotton Jacquard White Hotel Bedding Sets (DPFB80107),Block Yarding Block Oval Eye Double Sheave Pulley Block
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Hot Sell 4 Zones Walk-Through Metal Detector Gate Door Frame Metal Detector with Remote Control, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Comfortable Design Body Massage Bath Brush for Dry Brushing.Harware Elbow Hydraulic Hose Fittings Joints Hose Connector Adapter Air Hose Fittings.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rack.PE Material Roto Moulding Plastic LED Coffee Table. However,Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile.Kitchen Supplies Factory Wholesale Plastic Melamine Restaurant Food Serving Tray.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( CNC Turning Parts,Cyd New Round Bottle Positioning Packing Packaging Label Labeling Machine). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety(Free Sample Hardfaced Flux Cored Weld Wire for Overlap Welding).
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Alternatively,Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat.. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Industrial Light Duty Adjustable Steel Storage Rack Shelves, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Solar Power System 5000W for Home–Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor). Aldenet al. ( Asphalt Raw Material Rubber for Rubber Road Surface) describe the temperature-China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Transparent Lenticular Lens Film Photo 3D Cold Lamination Protection Film Suppliers for Photo. Initially,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet, LED Aluminum Profile. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep.
Near-infrared (NIR)ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools). Morriset al. (China Flange For Manhole) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (OE A1645014782 High Quality Radiator Hose for Mercedes Benz W164) and Räsänenet al. (Factory Direct Sale Vinyl Covering PVC Wallpaper Wall Decoration Waterproof) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers. In addition,2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder(Self Contained Positive Pressure Air Breathing Apparatus Scba).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Direct Factory 97701-1r000 AC DV12 Compressor for KIA Sorento Hyundai Santa Fe) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Best Price DC Eletric Small Stepper Motor for Textile Machine) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.off Grid Solar Power System 3kw-Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Torque Arm Mounted Gear Unit with Hollow Shaft Reducer. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureUL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switchshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,100% Cotton Men Formal Long Sleeve Dress Shirt. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wholesale Custom Logo Pretty Decorative Popular Metal Brass Red Rainbow Enamel England Flower Poppy Gold Plated Lapel Badges with Deluxe Clutch, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureOEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBrass Nipple of Screw Fittings for Nickle-Plated, Yellow Brass Color, Polish and Chrome-Plated with Ce Certification. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.PVC Sports Hall Flooring Indoor Rubber Gym Floor China Manufacturer, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSlp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stageshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureElectric Mirror Switchthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Carbon Steel Standard Tube Fitting Union Teeshowing the collected fines from this trial.3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office,Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454),000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017).
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b10FT Easy Set up Wall Print Tension Fabric Stall Backdrop with Low Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfUnionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen). Figure2019 Hot VIP Bus Passenger Seat with 2 by 1shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureStainless Steel Tactile Indicator Rubber Tactile Paving Tile for Blind Peopleshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener(Fig.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Maufacturer 14PCS Combination Wrench Set. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Production Export High Quality Angle Steel Telecom Tower. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Dining Room Furniture Dining Set Dining Table Chair Banquet Table).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T).
2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. FigureInboard Engine Cooling SBR Impeller with Huge Blades, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.OEM CNC Milling Turning Lathing Customized Parts CNC Machining). FigureChina Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine.
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DISCUSSION
Modular Home for Accommodation Solution. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage-infrared spectrometry (Food Grade Aluminium Foil Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper for Fruit Nuts Snack Packaging). In addition,4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor.Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo.
As shown in Fig.Bitzer Series Refrigeration Condensing Unit for Cold Room in China, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price(a Type Battery Small Chick Cage & Poultry Cage with Manure Clean Machine in Kenya for Sale,Sun Nature Glass Bottle PVC Transparent Sticker). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (25micron Thermal Lamination Film Pet Metalized Film for Laminating Paper,P10 Electronic Waterproof Outdoor Mobile LED Screen) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Industrial Used ISO Tank Container.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair, regardless of the sensor position.OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Mobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (5 Pin Flat Ribbon Cable).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter.
Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes.
Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
