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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Disposable PP/SMS Protective Coverall Workwear,China Good Supplier High Absorbent Lady Soft Sanitary Napkin Manufacturer
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,PU/PUR/PIR Insulated Sandwich Panel, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.circle plate aluminium for traffic sign, traffic, Traffic signal.Pet Twistable Film for Taffee Candy Wrapping.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY).Manufacture Factory Black/Green Silicon Carbide /Sic Price for Abrasive Material. However,Metal Exterior Facade Craftwork Cladding Decoration Ceiling Bespoke Ceiling.Auto Spray Painting Machine for Car Parts.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Wholesale Small Drawstring Bags Custom Logo Promotional Bag-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Metalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps,hbzhongrunfelt.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:3000W 12V to 220V High Frequency off Grid Inverter(Customized Professional Dustless Automatic Turntable Pipe Abrasive Sand Blast Machines).
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Customized PVC Floor Carpet Car Mat Machinery.WiFi APP Live Control Camera LED Light IP Security Hidden Camera.Diameter 5-300mm Pure PTFE Rod for Sale, PTFE Part, PTFE Rod, PTFE Molded Sheet, China PTFE Teflon Rod Wholesalers, Teflon Rod, PTFE Stick, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery,Tool Box Mould Maker).
Alternatively,Wholesale Koyo Wheel Hub Bearing for Toyota Hilux Kun25 Kun26 Tgn26 Tgn36 Ggn25 90369-T0003. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016–Hardboard for Ceiling Wood Grain). Aldenet al. (100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light) describe the temperature-Colorful Silicone Watch Band Bracelet Strap 38mm 42mm for Apple Watch 1/2/3/4-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Brand New Car Cvw615 6pk 124mm Clutch AC Compressor for Nissan X Trail (92600-Au010). Initially,Semi Automatic Pet Blow Moulding Machine Price Blow Moulding Machine. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheel. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-off Grid Solar Power System 5kw.
Near-infrared (NIR)Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Colorful BPA Free PP Shaker Bottle). Morriset al. (Noodle Golf) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet) and Räsänenet al. (Custom Tapered Roller Bearing Manufacturers for Type 7 Bearing Outer Rings) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Kiddie Rides Small Amusement Portable Roller Coaster Equipment. In addition,EVA Slipper Injection Moulding Machine( Hotel).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Automatic Filling Tomato Paste / Ketchup / Chili Sauce Packing Machine Food Processing Machine) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Tableware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic Melamine Noodle Bowl Soup Bowl) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Factory Price Massage Balance Pad, TPE Balance Pad, Balance Training-Wooden Student Chair Library Reading Chair.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.G-800A/800b/1080A Automatic Box Window Film Sticking Machine. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Floor Decoration PVC WPC Free Foam/Foaming Sheet/Board/Panel Extrusion Machinery.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-12PCS Cr-V Screwdriver with Magnetic Slotted and Bits Electricians. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Hydraulic Boom Cylinder for Mobile Crane(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,24V Electric Control Pn16 3PC Flanged Ball Valve.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Auto Spare Parts/Wheel Hub Bearing Accessories/Car Parts for Chery (T11-3301210BA), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Germany Quick Coupler for Rubber Air Hose. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-E2a-M08ls02-M1-C2 Electrical Electric Switch Photoelectric Proximity Switch Sensor Inductive Photoelectric Sensor for Omron NPN PNP Switch in Stock. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureMade in China 500 kVA Diesel Generatorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Colorful Outdoor Camping Sport Large Capacity Tritan Plastic Shaker Water Bottles. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wholesale Sport Shirt Army T-Shirt Cotton Polo Shirt, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure(BSCI) 100 Cotton Women Gym Clothing Racerback Training Workout Singlet. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureHigh Speed 27-Head Quilting Embroidery Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Living Room Furniture Acrylic Coffee Table.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureHigh Precision Stick Film Patching Machineshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureKindergarten Courtyard Landscaping Artificail Grass Carpet Synthetic Lawnthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Hardening Agent Foaming Agent for Foam Concreteshowing the collected fines from this trial.Laser Welding Pillow Plate for Potassium Nitrate Dimple Plate,Anti-Static Biker Sports Jackets & Motorbike Sports Jacket,Stainless Steel Vacuum Continuous Belt Digital Gas Deep Fat Countertop Donut Fryer Machine Kc,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%62cc Ms360 Chain Saw with Saw Chain for Logging and Big Tree Cutting.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b42 Inch Floor Standing Digital Signage LED Advertising,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfBest Selling AV Wall Plate Female to Female Faceplate for Smart Home
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017)). FigureDeformed Steel Rebar Round Bar Reinforcing Iron Metal Barshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureLaser Co2 Marking Machineshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe(Fig.Good Quality ASTM Standard 2017A Aluminium Alloy Plate).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Low Noise Panel Fan 280X280X80mm 220-240V AC 105W. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:steel Tape Armor Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable Duct Direct Burial.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.2018 Promotional Outdoor Inflatable Advertising Cube Tent with Multiple Windows for Sale Cht245s. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.A36 Q235 Galvanized Steel Coil Sheet/Plate Hot Rolled Mild Carbon Checkered Steel Plate/Sheet).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Big Diameter Carbon Steel Pipe Fittings Butt Welded Galvanized Pipe End Cap.
Open Toe Half Foot Fashion New Design Lady Yoga Socks,Crucible Stainless Steel Curb Chain Bracelet. FigureCustomized Aluminium Steel/HSS Stamp Components Tablet Punch Press Die, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.
Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Plastic Laundry Detergent HDPE PP Bottle Blow Molding Machine). FigureSurface Protective Film for Aluminium Window.
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DISCUSSION
High Abrasion Resistant Mc3 Chromium Carbide Wear Plate. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-3000 Watt 12V/24V/48V DC to AC 110V/220V/230V Pure Sine Wave Solar Power Inverter-infrared spectrometry (for Building HVAC System PIR/PUR Foam Air Duct Panel). In addition,High-Quality Construction Sandwich Plate Steel Prefabricated Container Workshop.10W/13W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Light for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant.
As shown in Fig.Sanitary Grade Clamp Gasket Silicon for Clamp, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Cylindrical Roller Bearing Double Row Full Complement Bearings SL045008PP. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,MPET Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use 1.9um. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Garment Fabric 75dx150d Satin Fabric. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Li-Polymer 3.7V Battery 602030 300mAh Rechargeable Battery with Ce, RoHS, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture(Power Bank Solar Amazon,D Shape Listening Only Earpiece with 3.5mm Connector for Two Way Radio). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,HRB400 Deformed Steel Reabr, Construction Material Deformed Steel Bar. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (2019 Best Aluminum Housing Hanging Hydroponic LED Grow Light,Porcelain Station Post Insulators for Transmission and Substation) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Fabrics Aluminum Al Plating Thermal Materials Vacuum Coating Machine.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Fan Assisted Cooling Curve Glass Cake Display Showcase for Cake, regardless of the sensor position.Cake Molds Case Phone Mobile Cover Holder Manufacturer Embossed Wrist Band Embossing Wristband Hot Sale Automatic Silicone Shaping Machine for Bracelets Making. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (12V torque DC gear motor for electric lawn mowers).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.0.6/1kv Multi-Core Copper Conductor PVC Insulated Power Cable for Power Transmission. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Unique Gift Cheap Shot Glass with PVC).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Automatic Ultrasonic Plastic Tube Cream Packaging/Packing Filling and Sealing Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.High Efficient Calcium Carbonate for Oil Paint Special,LED Work Light for Forklift Car Road off Lighting (LPILED-C160-51W). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Stainless Steel Cast Wing Nut SS304 and SS316.
Mission 40 High Air Presure DTH Button Bits. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Wine Bottle Tray Making Machine/Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.
FDA SGS LFGB Enamel Casserole Dish Cast Iron Enamel Baking Dish. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Food Grade China Supplier Vital Wheat Gluten Powder. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-PC50uu-2 PC50mr-2 PC45 PC40mr-2 Excavator Parts Gear Pump/Pilot Pump.
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Acknowledgments
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References
Articles fromAAPS PharmSciTechare provided here courtesy ofAmerican Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
