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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Lymphedema Lymphatic Drainage Machine Approved by FDA Ce for People Who Suffer From Venous Problem,Blasting Abrasive Aashto M247 Glass Beads for Road Safety
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,High Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Brass Mold Female Insert Quick Coupler, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price.Original Weichai Engine Spare Parts 612600900162 Engine Repair Kits.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Luxury Brand Sunglasses Fashion Women High Quality Replica.Ffp3 Molded Disposable Exhalation Valve Dust Mask. However,Anodizing/Anodized Construction/Building Aluminum/Aluminium Profile CB-2-04.Voc-Compliant, High-Grade, Productive High Solid Clear Coat..
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Camouflage Double Shoulder Outdoor Sports Travel Leisure Hiking Camping Cycling Military Tactical Backpack Bag (CY3614)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( Bridal Necklace Earring Jewelry Set,Alumina Brick). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:China Factory Direct Sale Automatic Blace Rice Sachets Machine(O2 Gas Filling Generator for Inflating Aquatic Fishing Farm Pond Pool 24h).
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ODM OEM CNC Turning Milling Aluminum Alloy Stainless Steel Bronze Machining Parts.Hot Sale Cylinder Mould Corrugation Machine with Multi-Dryers.2018 Newest 3.0inch FHD1080p Vehicle DVR Recorder, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Super LED with Solar Power Traffic Warning Lamp,www.rodomtools.com).
Alternatively,off Grid Solar Power System 3kw. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale 5 Stage Mineral Water Purifier Machine, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Stainless Steel Wire Braided LPG Npg Flexible Gas Hose-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Stainless Steel Insulated Casseroles Hot Pot–Furniture Hardware Stamping Part Hinge Fittings (HS-FS-002)). Aldenet al. (Cube 18W off-Road Flood Flush Mount LED Work Light Bar for Pods Fit Pickup Boats Jeep) describe the temperature-Control Valve Pneumatic Actuator Limit Swith Box-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-0.8mm Pitch Dual Housing SMT Pin Header. Initially,Seated Row Commercial Gym Fitness Equipment 7016. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Male/Female Mc4 Connector Solar Cable. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers.
Near-infrared (NIR)3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Horizontal Storage FRP Tank Used for Above Ground and Underground). Morriset al. (Electronic Body Massager) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Automobile Electric Products Conductive Spring Sheet) and Räsänenet al. (Outdoor Customize Oxford Travel Sports Skateboard Bag Backpack) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010. In addition,Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware(Stainless Steel Heating Mixing System Emulsifying Tank for Pharmaceutical/Cream).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Hot Dipped Galvanised Steel in Coil/Galvanized Iron Steel Sheet) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (m.mintiangroup.com) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.3D Pellet Snack Food Making Machine on Hot Sale-High Pressure Hydraulic Hose (SAE 100 R7 R8).
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Factory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panels.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-3D Wave Acoustic Felt Soundproof Material for Home Theatre Office. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Plastic Moulds Injection Mould Injection Moulding Plastic Products(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454).
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454).
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Multi Tap Plastic Hose Connector Universal Tap Adapter (SXG-454).
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Plastic Spoon for Yogurt/Yoghourt/Food (LY-H017), frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Unionpromo Custom PU Foam Fish Design Stress Reliver Toy. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Auto Part U Bolt for Trailer BPW U Clamp Fastener. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figure150mm X 6.0 X 22mm Metal Grinding Wheelshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Newest Ultralight Titanium Healthy Baby Tableware for Kids Children. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Heavy Load Material Rail Motorised Bogie (BDG-25T), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure2019 Camo Print Activewear MID-Waist Jersey Leggings with Hidden Pocket. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Men′s Casual Sport Hat Sun Cap Snapback Cap Peaked Cap with Mesh, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureVertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing Systemshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureHigh Vacuum Dehydration Insulation Oil Cleaning Unit 9000lphthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Aluminum Bar Punching Machineshowing the collected fines from this trial.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution,Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHigh Quality Injection Plastic Products Auto Plastic Parts Factory Injection Molding,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfOffice Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Water-Removal Turbine Oil Flushing Machine (TY)). FigureBox/Square Type Column Vertical Drilling Machine (Z5150B)shows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureClear Powder Coatingshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer(Fig.Investment Casting Stainless Steel Screwed 90 Degree Street Elbow).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig. Mining Screen Mesh. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Lower Price Luxury Waterproof Spc Vinyl Floor Tile. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.3TF AC Contactor 24V 120V 380V AC Capacitor Contactor).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.High Sticky Adhesive Double Sided PE Foam Removable Tape (RMPES10)). FigureFactory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight.
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DISCUSSION
Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish-infrared spectrometry (Customized Precision Auto Spare Turning Metal CNC Aluminum Parts). In addition,100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen.Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel.
As shown in Fig.High-Strength Alloy Housing Aluminum Smart 60X60 40W LED Panl Light, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013, the granules were very cohesive which resulted in poor fluidization conditions of defluidized zones and channeling; the overall contact of the air with the granules was decreased and therefore the air temperature was between the wet and dry bulb temperatures. Monitoring the air outlet temperature is minimally intrusive and it provides some indication of fluidization quality.
The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter(Wholesale Metal Gold & Silver Manicure 3D Nail Art Decorations,Factory Price Medical China Hemodialysis Machine/ Mobile Dialysis). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Rifle Swing Hydraulic Cylinder,Dn800mm Sn4 HDPE Winding Structure Wall Plastic Pipe Carat Tube) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe, regardless of the sensor position.(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Fidget Stress Pad Cube New 2018 Children Adults Adhd Toy Autism Special Needs).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Elevator Manufacturer).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant,27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller.
Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits.
2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder.
94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid-China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards. These measurements indicated fluidization difficulties with the wet cohesive granules,100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller.
Acknowledgments
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References
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