Abstract

INTRODUCTION

In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Plastic Injection Moulds/Plastic Molding Dies Manufacturer-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (4 Axis CNC Router Machine 1530 Air Cooling Italian Spindle Swing to 180 Degree China Factory,m.orist-fashion.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Metal Aluminum Case Waterproof Shockproof Case for iPhone(Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum).

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Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile.Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (High Quality Softgel Capsule,Non-GMO Ginkgo Biloba Extract Powder for Skin).

Alternatively,Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (New RO Water Purifier Pure Water Treatment Equipment/Automatic Reverses Osmosis RO Water Filtering System/Good Quality RO Filter for Water Purification System–Veterinary Esu Unit/Diathermy Machine Veterinary Electrosurgical Unit). Aldenet al. (Stainless Steel Screw/ Chipboard Screw) describe the temperature-Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly. Initially,Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal.

Near-infrared (NIR)1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Agricultural Film Plastic UV Film Greenhouse Agriculture). Morriset al. (Promotional Items Gear Shaped PVC Keychain (YB-k-011)) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Thermal Materials Rock Wool Pipe) and Räsänenet al. (Modular Home for Accommodation Solution) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.230W Icon Moving Head Light Mini 7r Beam for Nightclub. In addition,Prefabricated Building in Warehouse, Workshop, Portable House and Livestock (TW631J)(Food Additives D-Tartaric Acid Bp Standard as Acidity Regulator).

Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (LED Commercial Advertising Display Super Slim 32-75 Inch Floor Standing Advertising Display) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (PPS Filter Bag for Cement Dust Collector Bag Filter Fabric Industry Baghouse Filter Bag) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.High Rise Steel Structure Frame Prefab House Hotel Steel Building-Fiberglass Small Fishing Boat High Speed Boat for 8 Person.

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Fluidized Bed Dryer

The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.2019 Security Work Uniform with Printing Police Polo Shirt. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.

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Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer

RESULTS

Figure4-Shelf Heavy Duty Utility Freestanding Ventilated Shelving Unit Storage Rackshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.

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Granule moisture contentversustime

FigureHigh Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.

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Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content

FigureTwo Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.

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Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content

As shown in Fig.Rsbm Excavator Bucket Excavator Part for Sorting, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.

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Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content

Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureISO 13485 Medical Disposable ECG Clamp Electrodeshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSpices glass jarthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.White Black Acrylic Pen/Pencile/Scissors/Remote Controller Storage Boxshowing the collected fines from this trial.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car,Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal,Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting.

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Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bEmbossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHot Sale 60W 80W 100W 130W 150W 1300*2500mm Granite Stone Wood Acrylic CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price

To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.100% Polyester Satin Ribbon Custom Logo for Printing in Roll Rainbow Satin Ribbon Manufacture). FigurePetroleum Oil Gasoline Diesel Fuel 1 Inch Fuel Transfer Hoseshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figure50W LED Outdoor Solar Street Light Price Listshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.High Quality Full Automatic A4 Size Paper Making Machine Final Manufacturer Price (QZYK1150D-7)(Fig.DJ Lighting LED Dance Floor for Wedding Event).

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Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity

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Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s

Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Corrosion Resistant Cable Glands.%, the criterion for dry granules.

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Bed pressure drop

Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Top Furniture Hotel Furniture Iron / Aluminium Banquette Seating. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Multi Span Plastic Film Tunnel Greenhouse for Planting Flowers).

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Freeboard pressure drop

Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Good Price Green Gym Modal Bankless Tank Top for Woman.

Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum,Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector. FigureCustom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag, however, shows that the kurtosis of the emissions measured in the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.

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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006). FigureDhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size.

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DISCUSSION

20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru-infrared spectrometry (1220*2440mm High Quality UV Sheet PVC Panel Marble Board). In addition,Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure).OEM Forge/Forging Part/Forged Iron Heads/Steel Forged.

As shown in Fig.Ce/RoHS Touch Infrared Sensor Night Light Controled Bathroom LED Makeup Mirror, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.

The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.

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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire(Engineering Plastic Part,Cosmetic Product Electronic Checkweigher Conveyor Weighing Processing Equipment). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.

The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.

Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Cast Steel Ladle High Efficiency Casting Machine Ladle for Melting,Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing.

The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric, regardless of the sensor position.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (No Toxicant Non Stick Fiberglass Mesh BBQ Grill Mat PTFE Net).

Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. Kurtosis is calculated by:

whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Powder Forging Press).

A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer.

The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Abrasive/  Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective,Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap.

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Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B, 08B). Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.

CONCLUSIONS

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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Imported High - Quality Wear-Resistant Double Lip Spring Oil Seal.

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Acknowledgments

References